卡介苗的保护作用

Protective effects of BCG

卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccnie,BCG)是人类历史上使用最广泛的疫苗之一,在过去的一个世纪里,作为预防结核病的重要手段,每年都有数百亿剂量的疫苗被使用。然而,BCG也被用于非传统目的的预防和治疗,譬如膀胱癌免疫治疗。除了癌症免疫治疗外,越来越多的研究发现BCG对多种免疫性疾病有帮助,包括多发性硬化症、Ⅰ型糖尿病和特应性疾病等。并且对非结核分枝杆菌感染和病毒感染,譬如新冠病毒(COVID-19)有一定的非特异性保护作用。这种异源性保护作用在于BCG通过异源T细胞免疫改变免疫设定点的能力,以及表观遗传和免疫作用先天免疫细胞的代谢组学变化,这一过程被称为“训练免疫”。此文概述了BCG的抗结核病效果,并重点介绍了其异源性保护及其作用机制。

BCG vaccine is one of the most widely used vaccines in human history,with tens of billions of doses administered annually over the past century as an important means of preventing tuberculosis.However,BCG is also used for non-traditional purposes of prevention and treatment,such as bladder cancer immunotherapy.In addition to cancer immunotherapy,BCG is increasingly found to be helpful for a variety of immune diseases,including multiple sclerosis,typeⅠdiabetes,and some atopic diseases.It also can protect against non-tuberculous mycobacterium infections,viral infections and even COVID-19.This allogenic protective effect lies in the BCG vaccine′s ability to alter immune set points through allogenic T cell immunity,as well as in the epigenetic and immunological effects of metabolomic changes in innate immune cells,a process known as"training immunity".This paper summarizes the anti-TB effect of BCG and focuses on its heterologous protection and related mechanism.