中国高校毕业生就业趋势研究报告:来自2003—2021年调查数据

Research Report on Employment Trends of Chinese College Graduates:Based on 2003-2021 Survey Data

基于2003—2021年10次全国高校毕业生就业状况调查数据,对中国高校毕业生就业的特点和变化趋势进行了实证分析。主要结论包括:第一,从毕业去向看,正规就业比例创新低,升学比例持续走高;落实率下滑,待就业率回升,不同学历的落实率趋同。第二,从就业质量看,学历越高则起薪越高、增长越快;相对起薪呈现“L”型下降趋势;近五成毕业生的起薪低于期望;就业满意度波动上升。第三,从就业结构看,大中城市就业比例超过八成;民营企业的就业占比跃升第一;企业就业比例先升后降、超过五成;职业类型从同质化、趋向多样化、再回归同质化;教育行业成为毕业生首选。第四,从就业匹配看,适度教育比例先降后升、超过70%;专业不对口比例约为40%。第五,从求职状况看,学校是最主要的求职信息来源;求职次数并未随时间推移逐渐走高,存在“有业不就”现象;人情费、交通费、置装费是3项主要求职支出;能力是影响就业结果的第一要素;择业意向稳定,偏好向“前/钱”看。

Based on ten national survey data sets on Chinese college graduates’employment status from 2003 to 2021,this paper conducts empirical analysis on employment characteristics and trend of Chinese college graduates.The main conclusions are as follows.First,from the perspective of graduation destination,the proportion of formal employment has reached a new low level,while the proportion of further education continues to rise.The placement rate has declined,and the unemployment rate has rebounded.The placement rates of graduates with different educa-tional levels tends to converge.Second,from the perspective of employment quality,the higher the graduates’educa-tion level,the higher the starting salary and the faster the salary grows.There is a L-shaped downward trend in relat-ive starting salary.Nearly 50%of graduates have lower starting salaries than expected.Employment satisfaction is on a fluctuating upward trend.Third,from the perspective of employment structure,the employment proportion in large and medium-sized cities exceeds 80%.The employment proportion of private enterprises has jumped to first place.The employment proportion of enterprises increases at the beginning and then decreases,which exceeds 50%.Career types shift from homogenization towards diversification,then back to homogenization.The education industry has become the preferred choice for graduates.Fourth,from the perspective of employment matching,the proportion of education-job match first decreases and then increases,exceeding 70%.The proportion of major-job mismatch is about 40%.Fifth,from the perspective of job-searching status,schools are the main source of job-searching informa-tion.The number of job applications has not gradually increased over time,and some graduates have obtained job op-portunities but do not accept.Expenses on human relationship,transportation and clothing are the three major job-searching expenses.Ability is the most important factor that affects employment outcomes.Graduates have stable ca-reer intentions,attaching importance to prospects and income.