自然科学博物馆科学解释的有效路径探究

Research on the Effective Path of Scientific Explanation in Natural Science Museums

科学解释是自然科学博物馆发挥社会教育职能的重要环节之一。自然科学博物馆因其丰富的实物资源、多样化的展览和教育活动而具有科学解释的优势,然而,当前也存在解释目标定位模糊、解释逻辑欠完整、解释落点欠包容等问题。文章以博物馆情景学习模型为理论框架,结合了认知科学领域的概念隐喻理论和科学哲学领域的解释模型,分别从个人、环境和社会文化三个层次提出了解决方案:第一,前置调研观众的基础认知,科学预判其推理模式,合理设计其再认识架构,以满足目标群体的需求;第二,使用概念隐喻建立基础要素架构、使用解释模型完善科学解释过程,以搭建完整的解释链;第三,使用对话模式、传递共性价值观,构建多元性解释落点,以实现双向的沟通与交流。最终,形成闭环结构的科学解释模式与效能评估过程,推动我国自然科学博物馆成为向公众传递科学知识、宣传科学精神的重要场所。

The scientific explanation is the essential content of natural science museum exhibitions and educational activities.Natural science museums have the advantage of scientific explanations because of their rich collections.However,some problems exist in museums,such as ambiguous educational objectives,incomplete explanation logic,and single point of view.This paper takes the contextual model of learning as the theoretical framework and combines the conceptual metaphor theory of the cognitive science field and the explanatory model in the philosophy of science.Then,this paper puts forward solutions for the three levels of personal context,physical context,and sociocultural context respectively.First,museums need to investigate the audience's basic cognition,reasoning mode,and re-understanding framework to analyze the needs of target communities.Second,conceptual metaphor and explanatory model are suggested to establish the framework of basic elements to optimize the process of scientific explanation in order to build a complete explanatory chain.Third,museums need to communicate with the audience through dialogue and common values.Finally,a closed-loop structure of scientific explanation model and efficiency evaluation method are illustrated,which promotes the museums to become an essential place to transmit scientific knowledge and publicize scientific spirit.