评价形态学视角下汉语方言动词的形态特征研究

Study on the Morphological Characteristics of Verbs in Chinese Dialects from the Perspective of Evaluative Morphology

文章在评价形态学视角下,考察了汉语方言动词EM的形式和意义、语法和语用特征、区域分布特征、形成原因等问题。汉语方言动词的评价性形态比较发达,表达形式主要有后缀、前缀和重叠形态,表达的意义主要有反复、短时、尝试、随意等。其语法特征包括:与“体貌”范畴、“复动”范畴存在交融,但是相互独立;不改变词基的词类范畴,但改变词基的次范畴化特征;违反单一词基假设;违反阻断效应;部分能产,作用的词根有明显限制;允许多种形式叠加使用;历时来看有词汇化倾向。其语用特征包括:口语性、可选性、主观性、多功能性。其区域分布特征主要表现为南北差异大,动词EM后缀主要分布在北方官话的“中心区”,动词EM前缀主要分布在晋语区,动词EM重叠形态主要分布在南方方言区。最后,从汉语自身演变和语言接触两个角度,对汉语方言动词EM区域分布特征的成因和后缀的来源问题,做了初步探讨。

From the perspective of evaluative morphology,this paper investigates the characteristics of evaluative verb forms in Chinese dialects by examining their forms,meanings,grammatical and semantic features,and geographical distribution.The evaluative morphology(EM)of the verb is rather rich in Chinese dialects,and its formation involves suffixation,prefixation,and reduplication.Its primary grammatical characteristics are as follows:It interacts with,but is at the same time independent from,aspects and pluractionality;while it does not change the lexical category of the word base,it switches the word base to another sub-category;it violates the unitary base hypothesis;it violates blocking rules;the word base is functionally restricted,and is partially productive;various divices can be used in combination;diachronically it shows the tendency of lexicalization.Pracmatically,it is oral,optional,subjective,and multi-functional.The form and meaning of the verb EM in Chinese dialects vary greatly from north to south.Regarding distribution patterns of verbal EM in Chinese dialects and the origin of EM suffixes,this paper proposes a preliminary analysis from the perspectives of language evolution and language contact.