先秦的代词“诸”及其研究

On the Pronoun Zhu(诸)in Pre-Qin Chinese and related Studies

本文分两部分。首先,将前贤对代词“诸”的研究分为三个阶段:汉至宋代、清代、《马氏文通》及其后。其次,文章的主体对先秦20余部文献中代词“诸”进行穷尽分析,认为“诸”是一个地域、时段明显的代词(北区、初期),语体、存异等要素也有制约作用。先秦“诸”与“之”“之于”“之乎”的关系复杂。先贤用“之”来训释代词“诸”,通常是恰当的;用“之于”“之乎”来训释,仅有时可从。训释是语法研究的基础,但不是语法。“诸”和“之”“之于”“之乎”虽有训释关系,但语法上并不等同,它们有语法分工。“诸”在时空上萎缩后,它们便混同起来。“诸”不是“之于”“之乎”的合音词或兼词。

This paper is divided into two parts.Firstly,the previous studies of the pronoun Zhu(诸)are divided into three stages:1.From the Han dynasty to the Song dynasty,2.The Qing dynasty,and 3.The period since Mashi Wentong(马氏文通).Secondly,the main body of the article is an exhaustive analysis of the pronoun Zhu in more than 20 pre-Qin texts,suggesting that Zhu(诸)is a pronoun with a clear geographical distribution and time period(northern region,early period),and that other features such as language style and varations also play a role.The relationship between Zhu(诸)and other particles like Zhi(之),Zhiyu(之于)and Zhihu(之乎)is rather complex.It is generally appropriate to use"之"to explain the pronoun Zhu(诸),but Zhiyu(之于)and Zhihu(之乎)could be used occasionally.Semantic interpretation is the basis of grammar study,but not grammar itself.Although Zhu(诸)and Zhi(之),Zhiyu(之于)and Zhihu(之乎)are related to each other,they are not grammatically equivalent,and they have a grammatical division of labor.After Zhu(诸)has been reduced in space and time,they are mixed up.The pronoun Zhu(诸)is not a fusional word of"Zhiyu(之于)"or"Zhihu(之乎)",or a multifunctional word.