摘要
个人信息保护本质在于践行公平信息实践原则,秉承利益衡量理论,贯彻保护利用并举。比较国际社会的立法模式,欧美趋同于“积极确权+行为规范”的保护模式。中国单一的“行为规范”模式暴露出权利基础缺位的制度性弊端。继《民法总则》后,《民法典》“隐私权与个人信息保护”专章未完成个人信息权的续造。《个人信息保护法》出台后,“根据宪法,制定本法”的表述使个人信息保护的宪法位阶明确。国家尊重和保障人权,公民的人格尊严不受侵犯,公民的通信自由和通信秘密受法律的保护,为基本权利范畴的个人信息保护提供了宪法规范基础。在确立个人信息保护基本权利的概念表达时,应与权利内涵保持一致。数字时代的个人信息保护除应延续传统立法所强调的侵害防御机制外,更应关注个人信息的积极利用,以及基于人格自由发展所要求的对个人信息财产性利益的保护。那么,采用“个人信息权”的概念表述,确认个人信息之于个人利益的实质价值,赋予个人对其个人信息享有完整权利形态,内含个人信息受法律保护的基本要求,也为权利内容的细化留有空间。如此,可在宪法“个人信息权”的统合下,以人格尊严及其自由发展为核心,通过发挥基本权利的主观防御权功能与客观价值秩序功能,在公、私法领域实践国家保护义务,分别形成私法上以客体支配导向,保障个人信息自决的具体人格权,与公法上以行为规制导向,保障个人实质参与的程序性权利集合。而作为基本权利的个人信息权唯有落实到个人可具体主张法律保护与救济的民事权利时才有赋权之意义。基于此,检视《民法典》中个人信息所属的“民事权益”已具备升级为“民事权利”的充分条件。区别于一般人格权、隐私权等属性,个人信息权在我国民事权利体系中可确定为具体人格权。以民法典的原则性规范,人格权法的独立权属定性,个人信息保护法的权利体系构建,可渐次实现个人信息权从顶层设计到全面布局的逻辑推演。
The essence of personal information protection lies in practicing the fair information practice principles,adhering to the theory of interest measurement,and carrying out the protection and utilization simultaneously.Compared with the legislative model of the international community,Europe and the United States tend to adopt the protection mode of“positive right confirmation&code of conduct”.Chines single“code of conduct”model exposes the institutional drawbacks of the absence of the right basis.Following the“General Provisions of the Civil Law”,the“Privacy and Personal Information Protection”chapter of the“Civil Code”has not yet completed the renewal of personal information rights.After the promulgation of the Personal Information Protection Law,the expression of“this law is enacted in accordance with the constitution”has made the constitutional level of personal information protection clear.The state respects and safeguards human rights,the dignity of citizens is inviolable,and citizens’freedom and privacy of communication are protected by law provide the constitutional normative basis for the personal information protection in the category of basic rights.When establishing the concept expression of the basic right of personal information protection,it should be consistent with the connotation of this right.In the digital age,personal information protection should not only continue the infringement prevention mechanism emphasized in traditional legislation,but also pay more attention to the active use of personal information and the protection of personal information property interests based on the requirements of personal freedom development.Then,the concept of“personal information right”is adopted to confirm the substantive value of personal information to personal interests.So that it can give individuals a complete form of rights over their personal information,which contain the basic requirements for personal information to be protected by law,and also leave room for the refinement of the content of rights.In this way,under the integration of the constitution right-personal information right,with human dignity and its free development as the core,and by giving play to the subjective defense function and the objective value order function of basic rights,we can practice the state’s protection obligations in the fields of public and private law,to form the specific personality right in private law oriented to object domination and protecting the self-determination of personal information,and a set of procedural rights in public law oriented by behavior regulation to ensure the substantive participation of individuals.The personal information right,as a fundamental right,is meaningful only if it is implemented in civil rights where individuals can specifically claim legal protection and remedies.Based on this,by reviewing the Civil Code,the“civil rights and interests”of personal information have the sufficient conditions to upgrade to“civil rights”.Different from general personality rights,privacy rights and other attributes,personal information right can be determined as specific personality right in the civil right system.Based on the principle norms of the Civil Code,the independent ownership of the personality right law and the construction of the rights system of the personal information protection law,the logic deduction of personal information right from top-level design to comprehensive layout is gradually realized.
作者
秦倩
QIN Qian(Koguan School of Law,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200030,P.R.China;Shanghai Key Laboratory of Integrated Administration Technologies for Information Security,Shanghai Jiao Tong University,Shanghai 200030,P.R.China)
出处
《重庆大学学报(社会科学版)》
北大核心
2023年第4期203-215,共13页
Journal of Chongqing University(Social Science Edition)
基金
上海市信息安全综合管理技术研究重点实验室2020年度开放课题资助“信息生命周期视角下个人信息主体权利的研究”。
关键词
个人信息
权益层级
权利属性
个人信息权
具体人格权
personal information
rights and interests level
rights attribute
personal information right
specific personality right