我国个人破产免责的模式锚定与体系构想

Model Anchoring and System Conception of Personal Bankruptcy Exemption in China

当前,我国个人破产免责立法工作已经启动,应当结合立法背景建构个人破产免责制度的中国模式。具体到免责模式问题,其确定前提是廓清免责程序与破产程序之间的关系,即免责程序相对独立于破产程序,但破产程序又构成免责程序的逻辑前提。我国自身“重农抑商”的历史传统、“欠债还钱”的价值观念与居民大额负债普遍等社会经济状况,决定了我国个人破产免责立法更适合采取许可免责模式。在此基础上,为提升免责机制实施效率,应允许债务人在破产申请时、破产程序进行过程中乃至破产宣告后提出免责申请,但免责考察期应在免责申请和破产宣告之后。同时,根据我国破产工作现状,应赋予法院作出免责决定的权力,由其主导整个破产免责程序,但需要充分考量债权人意见。免责决定一旦作出即对债务人和债权人产生法律效力,但该效力不及于债务保证人和连带债务人。

At present,China's personal bankruptcy exemption legislation has been launched,and the Chinese model of personal bankruptcy exemption system should be constructed in conjunction with the legislative background.Specifically on the question of the exemption model,it was determined on the premise of clarifying the relationship between the exemption proceedings and the insolvency proceedings,i.e.,that the exemption proceedings were relatively independent of the insolvency proceedings,but that the insolvency proceedings constituted a logical prerequisite for the exemption proceedings.China's own historical tradition of"emphasizing agriculture and suppressing commerce",the value of"repaying debts with money"and the social and economic conditions such as the prevalence of large debts among the residents have determined that China's legislation on personal insolvency exemptions is more suitable for adopting the licensing exemption model.On this basis,in order to enhance the efficiency of the implementation of the exemption mechanism,the debtor should be allowed to make an application for exemption at the time of application for insolvency,in the course of insolvency proceedings or even after the declaration of insolvency,but the period of examination for exemption should be after the application for exemption and the declaration of insolvency.At the same time,according to the current situation of China's insolvency work,the court should be given the power to make exemption decisions and dominate the whole insolvency exemption procedure,but it needs to fully consider the views of creditors.An exemption decision,once made,has legal effects on the debtor and creditors,but not as much as on the debt guarantor and joint and several debtors.