4个半野生半栽培无刺(少刺)花椒的物候期及果实和皮刺性状研究

Study on Phenology,Fruit and Prickle Traits of Four Semi-wild and Semi-cultivated Zanthoxylum bungeanum Varieties with Less Prickles(or Prickless)

【目的】探明四川省康定县城及其周边半野生半栽培无刺(少刺)花椒KD-1、KD-2、KD-3和KD-4的物候期、皮刺和果实表型性状,选出适合四川中、高海拔地区种植的无刺花椒品种,为丰富无刺(少刺)花椒品种及新品种选育提供基础材料。【方法】选取四川省康定县4个半野生半栽培无刺(少刺)花椒种质资源(KD-1、KD-2、KD-3和KD-4)为研究材料,以当地主栽品种大红袍为对照(CK),进行物候期观测、皮刺及果实表型性状测定,对皮刺和果实表型性状进行相关性、主成分和系统聚类分析。【结果】物候期KD-1和KD-4均早于CK。皮刺长和宽以KD-4表现最好,分别为6.62 mm和4.73 mm,均低于CK;无刺枝段比例和有刺枝段皮刺数均以KD-3表现较优,分别为97%和0.02枚/cm。果实表型性状以KD-4表现最优,其果梗长度、果径、结实数、鲜果千粒重和干果千粒皮重分别为6.95 mm、5.27 mm、76粒/穗、53.65 g和16.67 g,均优于或显著优于CK。相关性分析表明,皮刺高与皮刺宽和皮刺厚、皮刺宽与皮刺厚和无刺枝段比例、皮刺厚与无刺枝段比例、果径与干果千粒皮重和粒籽重、干果千粒皮重与籽重均呈极显著正相关。主成分分析表明,第1主成分贡献率为42.574%,其中,果径、千粒籽重、每穗结实数、干果千粒皮重贡献率系数较大;第2、3、4主成分贡献率分别为26.516%、22.108%和8.803%,分别以皮刺宽、皮刺厚和皮刺高的贡献率系数较大。聚类分析表明,各材料在欧式距离为5处聚为3类,KD-2、KD-3和CK聚为一类,KD-1和KD-4均单独聚为一类。【结论】KD-4表现出良好的无刺和果实性状,具有较好的选育和推广价值。

【Objective】The phenology,prickle and fruit phenotype characters of four semi-wild and semi-cultivated Zanthoxylum bungeanum varieties with less prickles(or prickless),including KD-1,KD-2,KD-3 and KD-4,in Kangding County and its surroundings in Sichuan Province were explored,so as to screen out the prickless Z.bungeanum varieties suitable for medium and high-altitude area in Sichuan,and to provide basic material for enriching less prickles(or prickless)Z.bungeanum varieties and breeding new varieties.【Method】Four semi-wild and semi-cultivated Z.bungeanum varieties with less prickles(or prickless)in Kangding were selected as the research objects,and the local main cultivar,Dahongpao,was used as CK to observe the phenology,and determine the prickle and fruit phenotype characters through correlation,principal component and systematic clustering analysis.【Result】The phenology period of KD-1 and KD-4 were both earlier than CK.The length and width of prickle of KD-4 were all the best,which were 6.62 mm and 4.73 mm respectively,and were lower than CK.KD-3 had the highest ratio of prickless parts and the most number of prickles from prickly parts,which were 97%and 0.02 prickle/cm,respectively.The fruit phenotype characters of KD-4 was the best,whose fruit stem,fruit diameter,setting rate,1000-grain weight of fresh fruit,1000-grain tare of dried fruit were 6.95 mm,5.27 mm,76 grain/spike,53.65 g and 16.67 g,respectively,and which were better or significantly better than CK.The correlation analysis indicated that the height,width and thickness of prickle,the width and thickness of prickle and the ratio of prickless part,the prickle thickness and the ratio of prickless part,the fruit diameter,and 1000-grain tare of dried fruit and kernel weight,1000-grain tare of dried fruit and kernel weight showed significantly positive correlation.The principal component analysis indicated that the contribution rate of principal component 1 was 42.574%,and the contribution rate of fruit diameter,1000-grain weight,fruiting quantity per spike,1000-grain tare of dried fruit were higher.The contribution rate of principal component 2,3 and 4 was 26.516%,22.108%and 8.803%,respectively,and the contribution coefficient of prickle width,thickness and height were bigger.The clustering system analysis indicated that four varieties were divided into 3 groups at the Euclidean distance of 5,among which KD-2,KD-3 and CK belonged to one group,KD-1 and KD-4 were clustered separately.【Conclusion】KD-4 exhibited good prickless and fruit traits,and had the value of breeding and wide application.