论金元科举试赋的困境与嬗变

The Dilemma and Transformation of the Jin and Yuan Dynasties'Imperial Examinations with Cifu as Assessment Content

金代试赋困境在于格律严苛,至于模题画影而不成语言、文人竞相蹈袭,与科举选才宗旨相左。金末赵秉文、杨云翼等试图改革衡文标准以正风气,然收效甚微。元初虽无科举,然戊戌选试仍有词赋科,选录官学教授、师范皆须考查辞赋创作,官学儒生月课、课试皆须习赋以备岁贡儒吏。延祐复科,科举试赋变律为古,废除声律之弊而惟古是尚。袁桷以辞赋高古为宗,祝尧以祖骚宗汉为旨,屈骚、汉赋乃赋之典范。试赋衡文标准由声律转向复古,复追汉魏文章,终成元代辞赋体制之嬗变。

The dilemma and transformation of the Jin Dynasty's imperial examinations lay in the strict rules of language,which resulted in the imitation of the modelled questions without any literary creativity.This deviated from the purpose of selecting talented individuals through the imperial examinations.In the late Jin Dynasty,Zhao Bingwen,Yang Yunyi,and Li Xianneng attempted to reform the literary standards to rectify the atmosphere,but with little success.Although the Yuan Dynasty did not have the imperial examinations,the Wuxu Examination still included the Cifu section,where the ability to create literary works was necessary for the selection of government officials and teachers.Students in government schools were also required to study and create literary works to prepare for future roles as officials or scholars.The"Yan You Examination"transformed the literary standards by focusing on ancient literature and abolishing the drawbacks of the phonological patterns,adhering only to the concept of"ancient".Scholars such as Yuan Jue regarded"classical antiquity"as their model,while Zhu Yao aimed at"descending from the Li Sao and embracing the Han style".Qu Sao and Han Fu served as examples of magnificent literary creations among the literary works.As a result,the literary standards of the imperial examinations shifted from phonology to being"antique",which revisited the literature style of the Han and Wei dynasties and ultimately led to the transformation of the literary system in the Yuan Dynasty.