明清时期南粮与北漕供应体制的关系及其变化

The Relationship Between the Southern Grain Supply System and the Northern Grain Supply System in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

永乐北迁之后,洪武时期供应京师的漕粮重新分配,形成了运往北京的北漕和运往南京的南粮两个系统。北漕渐以军运为主,南粮仍为民运,两者分征分解。随着明中叶之后南粮北折愈演愈烈和南京运军行粮支领方式的改变,南粮与北漕开始合征,原本负责解运的南粮粮长和北漕粮长之运役合并,南粮考成亦并入北漕体系,运费实现定额化。清代废除明代南京留都地位后,南粮转变为地方兵饷和漕运运费,在延续明代南粮与北漕合征趋势的同时,进一步加深了赋役货币化进程,是明清赋役改革和社会变迁的重要面相。

After the movement of Yongle to Beijing,the grain supplied to the capital during the Hongwu Period was redistributed,forming two systems:The North grain transportation system to Beijing,which was mainly transported by military and the South grain transportation system to Nanjing,which was still transported by civilian.However,after the middle Period of the Ming Dynasty,with the increasing trend of the Southern grain's change to silver by North and the different way to pay Nanjing grain transportation army's remuneration,the southern grain and the northern grain began to levy together.The southern grain and the northern grain chief,who were responsible for the transportation corvee,merged into one system,as well as the southern grain work checking system.After the abolition of the status of Nanjing as the capital of the Ming Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty,Nanjing was transformed into a local military expenditure and the grain transportation fee,from Ming Dynasty's central finance to the provincial and Liang Dao's Finance.At the same time,it also inherited the trend of the combination,further deepening the process of the monetization of taxes and corvee,which is an important aspect of the reformation of taxes and corvee and social changes in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.