反思:黑格尔哲学的关键概念

Reflection:A Key Concept of Hegel's Philosophy

反思是哲学的基本方法,反思在黑格尔哲学中,具有灵魂与枢纽的地位。没有反思,黑格尔不可能解决他要解决的问题。黑格尔的反思概念与近代主体性哲学的反思概念根本不同,它不是人主观意识的反思,而是存在自身的反思。反思不是人主观的心理活动或思维活动,而是存在本身的结构运动。黑格尔把反思结构分解为设定反思、外在反思、规定反思三个阶段或环节。设定反思表明作为本质的反思或思辨反思不同于知性的反思,它要将知性思维造成的存在与思维的外在关系变为存在的自我关系。外在反思是要说明世界的规定性是如何产生的。外在反思使逻辑得以保持不断的开放,而非自我封闭的结构。规定反思是设定反思和外在反思的统一,它阐明思辨反思与知性反思的根本区别,表明思辨哲学对知性形而上学的根本超越。黑格尔的反思概念一方面真正克服了近代主体主义的反思哲学和形而上学;另一方面在建立他自己的思辨形而上学中起了关键的作用。

Reflection is one of the basic philosophical methods,and constitutes the soul and pivot of Hegel's philosophy.Without the aid of reflection,would Hegel be unable to solve the problems he wants to deal with.However,Hegel's concept of reflection is fundamentally different from that of modern subjectivist philosophy,for the former act is conducted by Being itself rather than by the subjective consciousness of human beings.To put it another way,reflection for Hegel is not a subjective mental or thinking activity of humans,but the structural movement of Being itself.Hegel divides the structure of reflection into three steps or moments,namely,positing reflection,external reflection,and determining reflection.First and foremost,positing reflection indicates that speculative reflection,as the very essence of reflection,is different from reflection of understanding and turns the external relation between thinking and being into the self-relation of Being itself;then,external reflection clarifies how determinations of the world come into being;finally,determining reflection is the unity of positing reflection and external reflection,while elucidating the fundamental distinction between speculative reflection and reflection of understanding.To summarize,Hegel's concept of reflection establishes the ultimate transcendence of his speculative philosophy beyond the metaphysics of understanding.