冷战背景下的知识权力博弈——以1967年国际东方学学者会议为个案的探讨

The Power Game of Knowledge in the Background of the Cold War:Taking the 27^(th)International Congress of Orientalists in 1967 as an Example for Discussion

20世纪60年代,在官私机制的大力扶助下,以“东方”(亚洲和北非)为主要研究对象的美国区域研究达到高峰期,并在国际上产生巨大影响力。然而,区域研究范式从一开始就面临挑战和批判。冷战“心智之争”背景下,马克思主义东方学对亚洲研究构成了挑战;战后美国全球霸权的形成和权力分散化的双重趋势,亦使美国学术范式遭到来自亚非学术界的激烈批判。1967年在美国安娜堡召开的国际东方学学者会议,是冷战背景下区域知识生产与传播背后的权力分配与竞争博弈的典型表现。安娜堡会议折射出知识权力博弈的三重景观:其一,传统东方学与区域研究尝试从不同路径重塑研究对象的博弈;其二,美苏之间力图填补“知识真空”,通过知识生产与传播来竞争影响力和话语权的博弈;其三,亚非学者抵制欧美国家试图借助知识传播重构新旧殖民主义的博弈。

In the 1960s,with the strong support of the so-called public-private mechanism,the area studies in the U.S.focusing on the‘Orient'(Asia and North Africa)reached its peak and had a significant international influence.However,the paradigm of the area studies faced criticism and challenges from the very beginning.Against the backdrop of the'battle for the hearts and minds of men'in the Cold War,Marxist Orientalism posed a severe challenge to the Asian studies;the dual trends of the formation of the post-war U.S.global hegemony and the decentralisation of world power after the Second World War also led to intense criticism of the American academic paradigm from the Asian and African academic communities.This article resolves around the International Congress of Orientalists at Ann Arbor in 1967,and explores the power distribution and struggle behind knowledge production and dissemination in the context of the Cold War.The Ann Arbor conference reflects a triple landscape of knowledge power struggles.Firstly,the traditional Oriental studies and the area studies tried to reshape the research objects from different paths.Secondly,the United States and the Soviet Union strived to fill the knowledge vacuum'and competed for influence and discourse power through knowledge production and dissemination.Thirdly,the Asian and African scholars resisted the attempt by the European countries and the United States,who sought to reconstruct new and old colonialism through knowledge dissemination.