习惯国际法中的“特别受影响国家理论”

“Specially Affected States Doctrine”in Customary International Law

在习惯国际法识别过程中,受到拟议规则特别影响的国家应被给予较其余国家更多的考量。然而,这种“影响”和“考量”的实际意义尚未被充分澄清,规则适用效果亦不甚明确。尽管如此,“特别受影响国家理论”已经在国际法院、主要国际组织和国家实践中得到了相当多的关注与运用。在国际法的多个领域中,各方围绕特别受影响国家理论的存废与内容产生激烈论辩,且不同观点之间的分歧仍然较大。特别受影响国家理论问题在国际法范围内的持续讨论,本质上反映了各国对于国家主权平等原则具体内涵的不同看法,体现了差异化的国家利益诉求与国际秩序的想象。中国有必要把握规则发展的“空窗期”,采取平衡的国家立场,提出同“负责任大国”定位相适应的建设性方案。

In the identification of customary international law,states specially affected by the proposed rule should be given greater consideration than other states.However,the precise meaning of"affected"as well as"consideration"has not been fully clarified,and the effect of the rule has not been well clarified.Nevertheless,the specially affected states doctrine has received considerable attentions and application among international courts,major international organisations and state practices.The existence and content of the doctrine have been controversial in many areas of international law,and the divergences among the parties remain significant.The continuing international debate on the doctrine essentially reflects the different views of states on the understanding of the principle of sovereign equality,and reflects the contradictory national interests and imaginations of the international order.It is necessary for China to take advantage of the opportunity in the development of the rules,adopt a balanced position,and propose constructive solutions in accordance with its position as a"responsible world power".