不同集雨方式对旱地苹果园土壤水分及果树生长的影响

Effects of Different Rain Harvesting Methods on Soil Moisture and Fruit Growth in Dryland Apple Orchard

【目的】为实现西北黄土高原地区旱地农业节水技术,有效收集利用自然降水,减少地表水土流失,提升果树水分利用率,通过比较不同集雨保水方式,筛选出适宜西北黄土高原地区应用且效果良好的技术方法。【方法】试验以红富士、M26、八棱海棠为试材,共设置地膜集雨覆盖(T1)、地布集雨覆盖(T2)、补充灌溉(T3)、保水剂(T4)和CK对照等5个处理,研究不同处理对土壤水分及苹果生长的影响。【结果】各处理的土壤水分分布规律整体一致,均能不同程度提高0~60 cm土层深度的土壤含水量,而集雨结合覆盖处理能够使土壤水分始终保持较高水平。其中地布集雨覆盖(T2)的整体保水效果最佳,与对照相比,在各深度土壤含水率均有所提高;各处理能够明显提高叶片含水量和叶绿素质量分数,各处理的叶片含水量表现为T2>T1>T4>T3>CK,叶绿素质量分数表现为T2>T1>T3>T4>CK;促进苹果树新梢生长发育方面,地布集雨覆盖(T2)的新梢生长量最大,较对照组高出了17.28%。同时,各处理在一定程度上提高了叶片的氮、磷、钾含量。【结论】在渭北黄土高原地区,地布集雨覆盖的果园管理措施有利于土壤水分的提高和保持,促进树体生长与营养的吸收,从而提高果实的产量与品质。

【Objective】In order to realize water-saving technology of dryland agriculture in northwest Loess Plateau,effectively collecting and utilizing natural precipitation,reducing surface soil and water loss,and improving water utilization rate of fruit trees,Comparing different methods of rainwater harvesting and water conservation,and selecting suitable and effective technical methods in northwest Loess Plateau region.【Methods】In this experiment,red Fuji/M26/Malus malus was used as the test material.Five treatments were set,namely mulching film(T1),ground cloth(T2),supplementary irrigation(T3),water retaining agent(T4)and CK control,to study the effects of different treatments on soil moisture and apple growth.【Results】The results showed that the distribution of soil water under the treatment was consistent,and the soil water content in 0~60 cm soil depth could be increased in different degrees,while the combination of rainwater harvesting and mulching treatment could keep the soil water at a high level.Among them,the overall water retention effect was the best,and the soil moisture content was increased at all depths compared with the control.Each treatment could significantly improve the water content and chlorophyll content of leaves.The water content of leaves under each treatment was T2>T1>T4>T3>CK,and the chlorophyll content was T2>T1>T3>T4>CK.The growth of new shoots of apple tree was increased by 17.28%compared with that of control group.At the same time,the contents of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium in leaves were increased by all treatments to some extent.【Conclusion】In Weibei Loess Plateau area,the orchard management measures of land distribution and rain harvesting are beneficial to the increase and retention of soil water,promote tree growth and nutrient absorption,so as to improve fruit yield and quality.