交易成本、普遍制度与全国统一大市场

Transaction Costs,Universal Institutions and the National Unified Market

建设全国统一大市场是构建我国新发展格局的基础支撑和内在要求。全国统一大市场的整体收益远大于地方保护及市场分割的局部收益之和。地方保护及市场分割实质上是特殊制度的产物。地方政府在通过特殊制度将市场外部性内在化的同时,引致了全国市场中较高的交易成本。建设全国统一大市场将大幅度降低交易成本,从而形成国内国际双循环相互促进的“交汇点”、现代化产业体系的规模优势、资源优化配置的大国空间优势和数字经济的新优势。建设全国统一大市场的关键在于用普遍制度取代特殊制度,也就是建立全国统一的市场制度规则,降低制度性交易成本,使全国统一大市场的益处在各地方公平地内在化。这就涉及从特殊的财税制度转到普遍的财税制度、从人格化交易的特殊制度转到非人格化交易的普遍制度、从特殊要素市场制度转到普遍要素市场制度。

Building a national unified market is the basic support and internal requirement of constructing the new development pattern.The overall advantage of the national unified market is much greater than the sum of local in-come from regional protection and market fragmentation.Regional protection and market fragmentation are essentially the products of special institutions.Local governments internalize market externalities through special institutions,but the existence of special institutions leads to higher transaction costs in national markets.The purpose of building a national unified market is to reduce transaction costs so as to promote industrial and digital economic development,deepen factor marketization reforms,build a high-standard market system,optimize resource allocation,narrow re-gional gaps,and build a new development pattern.The key to building a national unified market is to replace the spe-cial institutions with the universal institutions,that is,to establish national uniform market institutional rules so that the benefits of a national unified market are fairly internalized in all localities.This involves moving from a special fis-cal and taxation institution to a universal fiscal and taxation institution,from a special institution of personalized trans-actions to a universal institution of impersonal transactions,from a special factor market institution to a universal fac-tormarket institution,