从湖泊演化角度谈武汉创建国际湿地城市

On the Establishment of Wuhan as an International Wetland City from the Perspective of Lake Evolution

武汉是百湖之市,是世界内陆城市湖泊资源最丰富的城市之一,2022年获得了“国际湿地城市”认证.为了深入推进“国际湿地城市”建设,需要查明武汉地区湖泊形成演化历史及其影响因素.为此,系统探讨了区域构造环境、河道演化、气候变化及人类活动对武汉地区湖泊形成演化和生态环境的影响.结果表明,武汉地区众多湖泊的形成有其深刻的地质环境与气候背景.在第四纪新构造掀斜抬升背景影响下,区域沉降与拗陷作用为成湖创造了条件,末次冰消期以来温暖湿润气候促进了湖群的兴盛.历史时期以来,汉水下游河口段演化对汉口和汉阳地区湖泊形成演化影响深刻.近百年来,日益增强的人类活动带来武汉地区湖泊快速萎缩、污染与生态退化问题,旱涝灾害加剧.因此,深刻反思人湖关系,充分考虑湖泊生态系统自然恢复的长期性和人类活动引发的生态系统严重退化的不可逆性,建立和谐共生的人湖模式对武汉城市生态安全至关重要.基于以上湖泊演化的历史教训与问题,在当前长江大保护和武汉创建“国际湿地城市”的关键时期,我们有针对性提出武汉地区湖泊生态保护的“世界湿地之都”战略规划,亟需“统筹规划山水林田湖草保护体系、污染与退化湖泊水体环境治理与生态恢复、建立湖泊健康管理的武汉范式”顶层设计,进一步完善湖泊生态保护、治理、管理与评价体系.以上研究不仅有利于武汉创建“国际湿地城市”,且为把武汉建成“世界湿地之都”,深入实施“长江大保护”战略树立了典范作用.

Wuhan,the city of a hundred lakes,is one of the biggest cities with the richest lake resources in the world′s inland cities,and has been certified as an "international wetland city" in 2022.In order to further promote the construction of "international wetland city",it is necessary to find out the formation and evolution history of lakes in Wuhan and its influencing factors.In this paper,the impacts of regional tectonic environment,river channel evolution,climate change and human activities on the formation and evolution,ecology and environment of lakes in Wuhan Area are systematically discussed.The results show that the causes and evolution of lakes in Wuhan Area have profound geological environment and climate background.Under the influence of neotectonic tilting and uplifting in the Quaternary,regional subsidence and depression created conditions for the formation of the lakes,and the warm and humid climate since the last deglaciation promoted the expansion of the lakes.Since the historical period,the evolution of estuary section of the lower Hanshui River has had a profound impact on the formation and evolution of lakes in Hankou and Hanyang districts.In the past hundred years,the increasing human activities have brought about the rapid shrinkage of lakes in Wuhan,pollution and ecological degradation,and the aggravation of drought and flood disasters.Therefore,rethinking profoundly the human-lake relationship,taking into account the long-term natural restoration of lake ecosystems and the irreversibility of serious ecosystem degradation caused by human activities,andestablishing a harmonious coexistence of human-lake relationship are crucial to theWuhan′s urban ecological security.Based on the above historical lessons and problems of lake evolution,in the key period of current Yangtze River Protection and Wuhan's establishment of "international wetland city",we have targeted in "world wetland capital" strategic planning for Wuhan lake ecological protection,which need a top-level design on "the overall plans for the protection system of mountains,rivers,forests,farmland,lakes and grasslands",environment management and ecological restoration of pollution and degradation lake water",and "establishment of lake health management of Wuhan Paradigm",and further improvement on the lake ecological protection,management and evaluation system.The above research is not only conducive to building Wuhan into an "international wetland city",but also set a model role in building Wuhan into a "world wetland capital" and the thorough implementation of the strategy of "Yangtze River Protection".