女子竞技体操运动员青春发育期控降体重、营养膳食和训练调控方案的研究

A study on weight loss control,nutritional diet and training regulation program for female competitive gymnasts during puberty development

目的:为了延长青春发育期女子体操运动员的竞技运动年限,使运动员能够在减重的同时保持优秀的运动能力,延长运动员的职业寿命。方法:对4名安徽省体操队运动员进行了分阶段体成分、生理生化、专项体能、营养膳食和有氧运动等联合干预。结果:①第一阶段体脂百分比第2周、第4周与第1周相比均出现显著性下降,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)平均下降了2.01%;平均体重4 w后下降了4.09 kg,平均体重降至42 kg以下;②第二阶段第6周的体重、体脂百分比、肌肉重量与第4周相比,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),体重涨幅在0.2 kg的限定范围内;③血液指标:与起始周相比,第2~6周血红蛋白(Hb)、红细胞数(RBC)、血细胞比容(Hct)、T/C,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),机能相对稳定;④专项素质:与起始周相比,第4周30米跑成绩有所提高,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第2周和第4周垂直纵跳和卧推成绩呈现波动变化,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);第4周3千米跑测试成绩与起始周相比具有显著性提高,有氧运动能力有所提升。结论:①饮食控制联合有氧运动干预的两段式调控方案能够对体操运动员的减脂控重起到很好的效果;②两段式调控方案结合营养膳食和有氧运动在保持运动员生理水平稳定的同时,还可以提升运动员的专项素质能力;③从年度比赛的成绩看,该研究方案可以延长青春发育期女子体操运动员的竞技运动年限。

Objective To prolong the competitive athletic years of adolescent female gymnasts,so that athletes can maintain excellent athletic performance while losing weight and prolong their career longevity.Method Four Anhui gymnasts were subjected to combined interventions in body composition,physiology and biochemistry,specific fitness,nutrition and diet and aerobic exercise in stages.Results Phase I body fat percentage showed significant decreases at week 2 and 4 compared to week 1,all showed significant decline(p<0.05).②There was no significant difference in body weight,body fat percentage,and muscle weight at week 6 of the second phase compared with week 4(p>0.05).③Blood indexes:No significant differences in Hb,RBC,Hct,T/C in weeks 2-6 compared to the starting week(p>0.05).④Special quality:compared with the starting week,the performance of 30-meter run improved in week 4,but there was no significant difference(p>0.05);the performance of vertical vertical jump and bench press showed fluctuating changes in weeks 2 and4,but there was no significant difference(p>0.05);the performance of 3-kilometer run test in week 4 had a significant improvement compared with the starting week,and the aerobic exercise ability improved.Conclusion①The two-stage control program of diet control combined with aerobic exercise intervention can have a good effect on fat and weight loss of gymnasts.②The two-stage control program combined with nutritional diet and aerobic exercise can improve the athletes′specific quality ability while maintaining the stability of their physiological level.③From the results of annual competitions,the study program can extend the competitive sports years of female gymnasts during puberty.