“艺术界”理论视野下的当代紫砂生产惯例研究

Research on the Contemporary Zisha Production Practice Under the Theoretical Vision of the"ArtWorld"

我国的传统手工艺于21世纪前后迎来了一个新的“黄金时代”。在国家传统文化复兴热潮的推动下,宜兴紫砂呈现出欣欣向荣的趋势。紫砂文化产业在快速发展的同时,也出现了大师泛滥、评选黑幕、代工、作伪等一些负面的文化与社会现象,背后折射出的是紫砂文化生产中集体性与个体性的模糊不清。文章借用霍华德·贝克尔“艺术界”的理论视角对这些现象进行审视,通过论述紫砂行业的现代生产组织形式与文化生产的合作网络,归纳生产惯例的演化逻辑,反思紫砂文化生产的集体性与个体性后认为:成型(制壶)艺人与其他行动者的互动生成了行业的惯例,促使消费者形成了“成型艺人等于紫砂壶制作者”的观念。然而,当代的紫砂行业以市场化、商品化为逻辑运行,意味着紫砂的文化商品不仅仅是个人制作的产物,同时也是集体智慧的结晶。但是,成型(制壶)艺人既是生产的责任者也是文化资本的占有者,在该场域中占有主导型的地位。所以,区分传统工艺的集体性与个体性有助于我们更为深入地理解当下传统工艺领域出现的许多社会与文化现象。

With the rapid advancement of modernization,China's traditional handicrafts have ushered in a new"golden age"around the 21st century.Under the guidance of national policies and the promotion of the revival of traditional culture,Yixing Zisha has shown a thriving trend.With the rapid development of Zisha cultural industry,there are also some negative cultural and social phenomena,such as the proliferation of masters,shady selection,OEM and counterfeiting,which reflect the ambiguity of collectivity and individuality in the production of Zisha culture.This paper examines these phenomena from the theoretical perspective of Howard S.Becker's"art world",discusses the modern production organization form of purple sand industry and the cooperative network of cultural production,sums up the evolution logic of production practices,and thinks that the interaction between molding(pot-making)artists and other actors has generated industry practices,prompting consumers to form the concept that"molding artists are equal to teapot makers".However,the logic operation of the contemporary purple sand industry is marketization and commercialization,which means that the cultural goods of purple sand are not only the products made by individuals,but also the crystallization of collective wisdom.However,the molding(pot-making)artist is not only responsible for production but also possessor of cultural capital,and occupies a leading position in this field.Distinguishing the collectivity and individuality of traditional crafts will help us to understand many social and cultural phenomena in the field of traditional crafts.