民法典视野下第三人代为履行规则的适用探析——基于对103份裁判文书的分析

Analysis of the Application of Third-party Performance Rules from the Perspective of Civil Code--Based on the Analysis of 103 Judgement Documents

第三人代为履行行为的性质应为法律行为,金钱之债下可认定为单方民事法律行为,非金钱之债下需结合债的性质以及当事人的利益具体分析。无合法利益的第三人代为履行不应适用《民法典》第524条,在恪守合同相对性原则的前提下,应结合第三人与当事人之间的法律关系分辨其性质,从《民法典》的规则体系中另寻适用依据。在合法利益的司法认定上,首先应明确第三人代为履行规则为“兜底”规则,第三人追偿权在法律体系中有规定的,无需适用本条规定。其次,第三人代为履行规则的主要目的应是避免利益受损,而非获取利益。为了克服合法利益类型化的僵化性,第三人合法利益面临损害风险的,可以结合我国的公序良俗与交易惯例具体认定。

The nature of the act of performance by a third party should be a legal act,and a monetary debt can be recognized as a unilateral civil legal act,and a non-monetary debt needs to be analyzed in combination with the nature of the debt and the interests of the parties.Article 524 of the Civil Code shall not be applied to the performance of a third party without legitimate interests,and on the premise of abiding by the principle of relativity of contract,the nature of the legal relationship between the third party and the parties should be distinguished,and another basis for application should be sought from the rule system of the Civil Code.In the judicial determination of legitimate interests,it should first be clarified that the rule of third-party performance on behalf of the third party is a"fallback"rule,and if the third party's right to recover compensation is provided for in the legal system,there is no need to apply the provisions of this article.Secondly,the main purpose of a third party performing the rules on behalf of a third party should be to avoid damage to interests,rahter than to obtain benefits.In order to overcome the rigidity of the typification of legitimate interests,where the legitimate interests of a third party face the risk of harm,it can be specifically determined in combination with China's public order and good customs and trading practices.