施用生物炭对土壤养分有效性和离子交换性能影响的整合分析

Impacts of biochar application on soil nutrient availability and exchangeable based cations:a meta-analysis

为准确评估施用生物炭对土壤养分有效性及交换性盐基离子的影响,通过收集2000—2020年发表的文献,获得不施生物炭(空白无添加)和单施生物炭648组匹配数据、不施生物炭和生物炭配施化肥430组匹配数据。采用数据整合分析(Meta-analysis)方法,分析了不同方式施用生物炭对土壤氮磷含量(总氮、NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、Olsen-P)、交换性盐基离子(K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Na^(+)和Mg^(2+))及阳离子交换量(CEC)的影响。结果显示:施用生物炭(单施或与化肥配施)土壤氮磷含量增加14.0%~128.1%、盐基离子含量增加22.5%~270.2%。对不同方式施用生物炭的效果比较可知,生物炭与化肥配施对土壤养分的提升效果更加显著,单施生物炭对土壤盐基离子提升效果更高。进一步分析显示,当生物炭原料pH≥8时,单施生物炭显著增加土壤Olsen-P含量达10.3%~58.5%;制备温度>500℃时,单施生物炭对土壤盐基离子含量的增加幅度为33.9%~384.7%;生物炭施用量<10t∙hm^(-2)时,生物炭与化肥配施对土壤Olsen-P含量增加幅度(374.1%)高于单施生物炭(2.1%);在pH<6.5土壤施用生物炭提高土壤氮磷及交换性钙含量,其中单施生物炭土壤Olsen-P含量和CEC的增幅分别达45.0%和17.9%。因此,施用生物炭能有效改善土壤养分有效性和离子交换性能,降低环境风险。实际应用中需要根据不同目的选择生物炭单施或配施化肥,同时综合生物炭特性、施用量和土壤属性条件,有效利用生物炭提升土壤肥力是未来农业高质量发展的重点方向。

In order to accurately assess the effects of biochar application on soil nutrient availability and exchangeable based cations,a total of 2000-2020 published literature was collected to obtain 648 matched data for no biochar application(blank or no addition)and single biochar application,and 430 matched data for no biochar application and biochar co-application with fertilizer.A meta-analysis was performed to quantify the effects of different biochar applications on soil N and P availability(total N,NH_(4)^(+)-N,NO_(3)^(-)-N,Olsen-P),salt-based ions contents(K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Na^(+), and Mg^(2+)),and cation exchange capacity(CEC).Results showed that the applica-tion of biochar(alone or combined with chemical fertilizers)significantly increased soil N and P content by 14.0%-128.1%,and salt-based ions contents by 22.5%-270.2%,respectively.By comparing the effects of different biochar application,it was found that the increasing of soil N and P availability in chemical fertilizer combination treatment was higher than that in biochar application alone,while the increasing of salt-based ions contents in biochar application alone was higher than that in chemical fertilizer combination.Further analysis showed that when the pH of biochar was higher than 8,the application of biochar alone significantly increased soil Olsen-P content by 10.3%-58.5%.When the biochar pyrolysis temperature was higher than 500℃,the application of biochar alone increased the soil salt-based ions contents by 33.9%-384.7%.When the application rate of biochar was less than 10 t∙hm^(-2),soil Olsen-P content increased higher under biochar combined with chemical fertilizer(374.1%)than that of biochar application alone(2.1%).In 2+addition,applying biochar to soil with pH<6.5 could effectively increase soil N,P and Ca contents,with Olsen-P content and CEC increased by 45.0%and 17.9%,respectively,under biochar application alone.Therefore,the application of biochar could effectively improve soil nutrient availability and ion exchange properties,and reducing environmental risks.In practical applications,biochar can be applied alone or in combination with fertilizer depending on the specific aims.Taking into account the characteristics of biochar,application rate,and soil conditions,the effective use of biochar to improve soil fertility will be the priority direction of the high-quality agricultural development in the future.