朱子人心之学的三元义理结构

The Three-Dimensional Theory Structure of Zhu Zi’s Study of Human Heart

一直以来学界对儒家心学的研究主要注目于孟子心学和陆王心学,较为忽视朱子心学。其实,在朱熹思想系统中,人心之学是极为丰富的,包含着心性论、心理论、心事论、心身论和心知论以及“道心人心”说、“心统性情”说等内容。它阐明了人心是人待事、处事、做事的动力、标准,是人社会实践活动的精神基础。朱子人心之学大致可以从三大方面加以探究:一是人心本质论,借助于对心的深入思考和辩论,朱熹建构了独特的心性论、心理论、心事论、心身论和心知论等;二是人心类型论,朱熹对心的类型、形态进行不懈思考,和二程一起共同建构了人心道心说;三是人心功能论,朱熹对张载“心统性情”说做了创造性发展,从性体情用、情动心兼动静、理在人心等方面呈现了心的重要作用与地位。人心本质论、人心类型论和人心功能论三者构成了朱子人心之学的三元义理结构。

For a long time,the academic research on Confucian psychology has mainly focused on Mencius Xin xue and Lu Wang Xin xue,and neglected Zhu Zi Xin xue.In fact,in Zhu Xi’s ideological system,the study of the human mind is very rich,including the theory of mind and nature,the theory of mind and Tao,the theory of mental affairs,the theory of mind and body and the theory of mind knowledge,as well as the theory of Tao heart and human heart and the theory of mental unity and temperament.It clarifies that the human heart is the driving force and standard for doing things for people,and is the spiritual foundation for people’s social practice activities.The study of Zhu Zi’s heart can be explored from three major aspects.The first is the theory of the essence of the human heart.With the help of in-depth thinking and debate on the mind,Zhu Xi constructed a unique theory of mind,theory of Heart,theory of mental affairs,theory of mind and body and theory of mind knowledge.The second is the typology of the human heart.Zhu Xi constantly thought about the type and form of the heart,and together with Er Cheng,he jointly constructed the Taoist theory of the human heart.The third is the theory of the function of the human mind.Zhu Xi made a creative development of Zhang Zai’s theory of mental temperament.Zhu Xi presented the important role and status of the heart from the aspects of natural and physical affection,emotional and dynamic and static,and Tao in the human heart.The theory of the essence of the human heart,the theory of the type of the human heart and the theory of the function of the human heart constitute the three-dimensional theory structure of Zhu Zi’s study of the human heart.