福建省6个桃园养分、重金属、抗生素特征分析与评价

Characteristics of nutrients,heavy metals and antibiotics in six peach orchards in Fujian province

为了解福建省主要桃产区桃园的土壤养分状况以及重金属、抗生素污染情况,测定了宁德市古田县、龙岩市连城县、南平市建瓯市、南平市建阳区、福州市晋安区、福州市闽侯县共6个桃园有机肥和土壤的养分含量、土壤样品中的重金属残留量、有机肥及土壤中的抗生素含量。根据相关标准对土壤的安全性进行了初步分析评价。测定结果表明,养分投入在各产区桃园差别不大,但是土壤各养分含量差异明显,对比国家土壤养分分级标准,全氮含量均小于0.05 g/kg,为第6级,显示极度缺乏;有效磷、速效钾含量平均值均达到1级标准,变化范围分别在0.650~631.186和44.606~418.595 mg/kg,变异程度大。8种重金属在样品土壤中的检出率为100%,除建瓯桃园Cr含量超标外,其余重金属及其他桃园重金属含量均低于国家农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,但重金属含量差异较大,其中Cr、Cu、Zn和Pb的含量较高,Hg和Cd的含量较低,建瓯桃园的Cr以及闽侯桃园的Cd单项污染指数均大于1,达到污染水平;建瓯、闽侯的内梅罗综合污染指数在0.7~1.0范围内,污染等级达到警戒线。测定的24种抗生素结果显示,有机肥中检出7种、土壤中检出5种,土壤中检测的抗生素含量高于有机肥中抗生素含量,特别是喹诺酮类中的恩诺沙星和环丙沙星。总之,各桃产区应加强施肥,调整养分投入配比,保证养分吸收平衡;虽然土壤重金属、抗生素总体污染水平较低,但仍需警惕。

In order to understand the nutrient status of soil and the contamination of heavy metals and antibiotics in major peach orchards in Fujian province,this study determined the nutrient contents of organic fertilizer and soil,heavy metal residues in soil samples,and the antibiotic contents of organic fertilizer and soil in six peach orchards in Gutian county of Ningde city,Liancheng county of Longyan city,Jianyang district and Jianou county of Nanping city,Jin’an district and Minhou county of Fuzhou city.A preliminary evaluation of the safety of the soil was conducted according to the relevant standards.The results showed that there was little difference in nutrient inputs among the peach production areas,but all soil nutrients contents had significant difference.The total nitrogen content in soil samples were less than 0.05 g/kg,which showed extreme deficiency;and the ranges of available phosphorus and available potassium contents were 0.650~631.186 and 44.606~418.595 mg/kg,respectively,with a large degree of variation.According to the national soil nutrient grading standards,the total nitrogen content in soil samples were at the level 6,and the average values of available phosphorus and available potassium content were at the level 1.The detection rate of eight heavy metals in the soil samples was 100%,except for Cr in Jian’ou peach orchard,the contents of other heavy metals and all heavy metals in other peach orchards were lower than the national screening value for soil pollution risk in agricultural land,but the contents of heavy metals varied greatly,among which the contents of Cr,Cu,Zn and Pb were higher and the detected contents of Hg and Cd were lower.The single factor pollution index values of Cr in Jian’ou peach orchard and Cd in Minhou peach orchard were greater than 1,reaching the pollution level.The Nemero comprehensive pollution index values of peach orchards in Jian’ou and Minhou were in the range of 0.7 to 1.0,and the pollution level reached the alert line.Seven antibiotics were detected in organic fertilizer and five in soil,and the contents of antibiotics detected in soil was basically higher than the contents in organic fertilizers,especially enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin which belongs to quinolones.In short,peach producing areas should strengthen fertilization,adjust the nutrient input ratios to ensure balanced nutrient absorption.Although the overall pollution level of heavy metals and antibiotics in the soil were relatively low,it is still necessary to be vigilant.