摘要
全球农业正在面临着严峻的挑战,育种技术是种业发展的基础和关键。基因编辑技术是指对目标基因进行定点修饰,实现对特定靶标基片段的删除、插入和替换。利用基因编辑技术可以精准修改目标基因或将某种优良基因引入到作物中产生优良农艺性状,在分子设计育种中具有巨大潜力,对保障粮食安全具有重大意义。杂草危害对作物的产量和品质影响巨大,如何高效、安全、可持续地防治草害一直是研究的热点。目前,全球市场已经出现超过200种的化学除草剂,利用化学方法来防治草害已成为现代化农业的重要组成部分,抗除草剂作物的推广也显著降低了杂草防治成本,但随着抗除草剂作物的大面积推广和长期使用单一除草剂,杂草抗/耐药性和抗性基因逃逸等环境安全问题逐渐被发现。目前,功能基因组学、生物信息学、基因工程技术的发展(特别是基因编辑技术在植物中的广泛应用),为创制抗除草剂作物和新型高效的除草剂系统创造了条件。本文首先介绍抑制植物氨基酸生物合成、植物脂类代谢、植物类胡萝卜素、质体醌和生育酚生物合成途径除草剂的主要作用靶标基因及其作用机制。其次,介绍2种挖掘新型抗除草剂基因与除草剂系统的方法,包括基于CRISPR/Cas系统对作物内源的除草剂抗性基因进行定向突变方法和基于天然产物与生物体在自然界中存在共同进化理论的抗性基因导向方法。同时,介绍3种培育抗除草剂作物方法的研究进展,包括常规育种培育法、转基因育种培育法和基于CRISPR/Cas基因组编辑技术培育法。其中,重点介绍CIRSPR/Cas系统、碱基编辑技术和Prime-editing系统在培育抗除草剂作物中的研究进展。针对抗性杂草的产生及环境安全问题是当前化学防治杂草面临的主要挑战,以及抗除草剂作物所面临的主要挑战是基因逃逸问题。目前,快速发展的基因组编辑技术为后基因组时代发展抗除草剂作物提供了新的解决策略和新的机遇。最后,对除草剂作物的未来进行了展望。
Global agriculture is facing severe challenges,and breeding technology is the foundation and key to the development of the seed industry.Gene editing technology refers to the precise modification of target genes to achieve deletion,insertion,and replacement of specific target gene fragments.It can precisely modify target genes or introduce certain excellent genes into crops to produce crops with excellent agronomic traits,which has great potential in molecular design breeding and is of great significance to ensuring food security.Weed damage has a huge impact on the yield and quality of crops.To control weed damage efficiently,safely and sustainably has always been a hot research topic.Currently,more than 200 types of chemical herbicides have emerged in the global market.Using chemical methods to control weeds has become an important part of modern agriculture,and the cost of weed control has been significantly reduced by promoting herbicide-resistant crops.However,with the large-scale promotion of herbicide-resistant crops and the long-term use of single herbicides,environmental safety problems such as weed resistance and escape of resistant genes have gradually been discovered.Currently,the development of functional genomics,bioinformatics and genetic engineering technology(especially the widespread application of gene editing technology in plants)has created conditions for the creation of herbicide-resistant crops and new efficient weed control systems.In this article,the main target genes of herbicides that inhibit amino acid biosynthesis,lipid metabolism,carotenoid,plastoquinone and tocopherol biosynthesis pathways and their action mechanisms are introduced at first.Secondly,two methods for mining new herbicide resistance genes and herbicide systems are introduced,including the directed mutation method of herbicide resistance genes within crops based on CRISPR/Cas system and the resistance gene guidance method based on the co-evolution theory of natural product and organisms in nature.Moreover,the research progress of three breeding methods for herbicide resistant crops was reviewed,including conventional breeding,transgenic breeding and CRISPR/Cas genome editing based breeding.Among them,the research progress of CIRSPR/Cas system,base editing technology,and prime editing system in cultivating herbicide resistant crops were highlighted.The main challenge faced by chemical control of weeds and herbicide resistant crops is resistant weeds and environmental safety issues,and gene escape,respectively.At present,the rapid development of genome editing technology provides new solutions and new opportunities for the development of herbicide resistant crops in the post genome era.Finally,the prospects for the future of herbicide-resistant crops were provided.
作者
吴元龙
惠凤娇
潘振远
尤春源
林海荣
李志博
金双侠
聂新辉
WU YuanLong;HUI FengJiao;PAN ZhenYuan;YOU ChunYuan;LIN HaiRong;LI ZhiBo;JIN ShuangXia;NIE XinHui(Agricultural College,Shihezi University/Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology Agriculture,Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps,Shihezi 832003,Xinjiang;College of Plant Sciences&Technology,Huazhong Agricultural University/National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement,Wuhan 430070;Cotton Research Institute of Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Shihezi 832011,Xinjiang)
出处
《中国农业科学》
CAS
CSCD
北大核心
2023年第17期3285-3301,共17页
Scientia Agricultura Sinica
基金
兵团科技创新人才计划-科技特派员(S2019CB1877)
兵团科技创新人才计划-强青(2021CB028)
石河子大学青年创新拔尖人才计划-拔尖人才(CXBJ202208)。
关键词
基因编辑技术
除草剂
抗除草剂基因
抗除草剂作物育种
gene editing technology
herbicides
herbicide-resistant genes
breeding of herbicide-resistant crops