民粹主义与民族主义的历史联系及反思

A Reflection on Populism,Nationalism,and their Historical Connections

民粹主义和民族主义是两种概念边界清晰、历史路径不同的意识形态,前者是现代民主和大众政治的产物,后者则萌发于现代国家和主权观念的建构进程中。民粹主义在其150多年的历史实践中,与民族主义保持着复杂的联系。俄国民粹主义者从斯拉夫派那里继承了俄罗斯传统的村社观念,美国人民党人则从盎格鲁-撒克逊传统中发展出排外、反犹和种族隔离的白人民族主义。20世纪的拉美民粹主义为了摆脱依附式发展和维护资源主权,走向了反美反西方的经济民族主义。21世纪的欧美民粹主义浪潮是经济全球化的副产品,白人主流社群的反全球化抗争祭出了民族民粹主义的大旗。历史实践为反思民粹主义与民族主义的内在联系提供了重要启示,二者的同频共振以至日益合流建立在相似的对抗性逻辑之上,具有进步与反动的双重性,也创造国内政治与世界政治相联接的契机。

Populism and nationalism are two ideologies with clear conceptual boundaries and distinctive historical paths.The former is a product of modern democracy and mass politics,while the latter stems from the construction of modern states and awareness of sovereignty.In its over 150 years of historical practice,populism has maintained a complex relationship with nationalism.During their encounters with populism,Russian populists inherited the traditional concept of Russian village community from the Slavophiles,while the American populists developed the idea of white nationalism,composed of xenophobia,anti-Semitism,and racial segregation from Anglo-Saxon tradition.The 20^(th)century Latin America is well-experienced with populism.To free itself from dependent development and maintain resource sovereignty,Latin American populism progressed towards anti-American and anti-Western economic nationalism.The wave of populism in Europe and the United States in the 21^(th)century is a by-product of economic globalization;national populism has been utilized by mainstream Caucasian community as the face of anti-globalization.Historical practice provides important revelations for the inner relationship between populism and nationalism.The resonance and increasing convergence of the two ideologies are based on similar confrontational logic,they possess a dual nature of progress and reaction,and provide an opportunity for connecting domestic politics with world politics.