认真对待预防性刑法的限度:以类型划分为中心的考察

Take the Limits of Preventive Criminal Law Seriously:An Investigation from the Perspective of Legal Typology

预防性刑法是指以保护法益侵害的危险为基本罪刑结构的刑法体系。预防性刑法是社会转型的产物,有其存在的合理性,但也有其内在限度。在理论层面,预防性刑法备受争议,总体上面临着惩罚失灵、无效果与过度犯罪化等批判。以强预防性刑法与弱预防性刑法的类型划分为基础,可以回应上述批判,也能够更为清晰地呈现预防性刑法的未来选择。强预防性刑法因违背法治国原则并无正当性,而弱预防性刑法因应社会风险增加的现实,是社会国原则的体现,并随着预防性国家的兴起而成为刑法发展的新态势,在犯罪学、国际公约等层面均有支撑根据。从法教义学视角来看,弱预防性刑法拥有自己特殊的教义学体系,并带来现代刑法价值体系、规范体系和功能系统等方面的改变。

Preventive criminal law refers to a criminal law system with a criminal punishment structure that protects the risk of infringement of legal interests.Preventive criminal law is a product of social transformation,with its rationality but also its internal limitations.At the theoretical level,preventive criminal law is highly controversial and generally faces criticism of punishment failure,ineffectiveness,over criminalization and so on.Based on the classification of strong preventive criminal law and weak preventive criminal law,it is possible to respond to the above criticisms and to present a clearer picture of the future options for preventive criminal law.The strong preventive criminal law has no legitimacy because it violates the principle of rule of law,while the weak preventive criminal law reflects the social state principle in response to the reality of increased social risks.With the rise of the preventive state,it has become a new trend in the development of criminal law,which gets its support from Criminology,international conventions and other levels.From the perspective of legal doctrine,weak preventive criminal law has its own unique doctrinal system and brings about changes in the value system,normative system,and functional system of modern criminal law.