比较法视野下的权利行使与财产犯罪

The Exercise of Power and Property Crimes in the Perspective of Comparative Law

司法实务中“权利行使与财产犯罪”的问题屡见不鲜,我国多认定此类行为不成立财产犯罪。日本的判例与学说自20世纪初便开始关注此问题,现在主要是财产犯罪否定说与财产犯罪成立说之间的对立,具体存在“保护法益延长线”“不存在财产损失”“不具有非法占有目的”“违法性阻却”四种问题解决路径。“违法性阻却”解决路径由日本最高裁判所的判例确立,多由财产犯罪成立说主张。该路径将此类问题分为构成要件该当性判断、违法性阻却判断两个阶段,能够更为统一、合理地解决权利行使与财产犯罪的问题。研究日本刑法对此类问题的解决路径,对于我国具有以下重要参考意义:第一,重视禁止私力救济的理念;第二,区分构成要件的该当性判断与权利行使行为的正当化判断,避免研究路径上的混乱;第三,不能仅以手段行为作为评价对象,而应对手段行为与目的行为进行整体评价;第四,确定问题的关键在于是否给债务人造成了财产损失,而非债权人有无“非法占有的目的”。

The issue of"exercise of rights and property crime"is common in judicial practice,and in China,such behavior is often not considered as a property crime.Japanese precedents and doctrines have been paying attention to this issue since the early 20th century,and now the main focus is on the opposition between the denial of property crimes and the affirmation of property crimes,specifically in the four solution paths:the"protection of legal interests extended line"'solution path,the"no property loss"solution path,the"no illegal possession purpose"solution path,and the"illegality blocking"solution path.The"illegality blocking"solution path was established by the Japanese Supreme Court precedent and is mainly advocated by the affirmation of property crimes.This path divides the issue into two stages of judgment on the constitutive elements and the illegality blocking,which can more clearly and reasonably solve the problem of the exercise of rights and property crime.Studying the solution path of Japanese criminal law for such issues has the following important reference significance for China:first,valuing the concept of prohibiting private remedies;second,distinguishing the appropriateness judgment of constitutive elements from the legitimacy judgment of the exercise of rights behavior,avoiding confusion in the research path;third,not only evaluating the means behavior but also the purpose behavior as a whole;fourth,the key issue is whether the debtor has suffered property loss,not whether the creditor has an"illegal possession purpose".