知行合一:“知”“行”范畴的蕴含及其教育指引

Unity of Knowledge and Action:The Connotations and Educational Guidelines of the Domains of Knowledge and Action

“知”“行”是多学科的核心范畴。我国认识论史上“知”范畴概括了天与人、心与物、先知与学知、可知与不知、格物与致知等关系问题,涉及“知”范畴的逻辑基础、方法论基础和发生学基础。“知”对于促进人的发展的教育活动而言,具有历史、文化和社会意义。“行”范畴概括了人的感性活动、主体性活动和目的性活动的实践本质,它概括了人对客观世界的能动作用的活动本质、价值取向、人的行为的伦理品质,以及人的社会行为的实践特质。对促进人的发展而言,“行”是人获得真知和观念的感性基础,是人结成与客观世界的社会关系的根本途径,是人能动地参与客观世界并改造客观世界的目的性活动。“知”“行”范畴的对立关系主要反映在难易、先后、轻重之辨等方面,其统一关系或合一关系体现在知与行互为基础、互为目的和过程,以及育人功能的价值关联性和价值一致性等方面。“知行合一”本质上是知行相须、知行相资、知行一体。面对落实立德树人根本任务,育人方式改革必须遵循知行合一规律,发挥知与行的育人功能,实施全面发展教育,促进教劳结合、身心和谐;维护学生与客观世界的实践关系,增强教育的实践感;优化学习形态,促进感性学习与理性学习的进阶,实现知识观念化、知识活态化,培养学生解决真实情境复杂问题的能力。

Knowledge and action are the core domains of multi-disciplinary studies.In the history of epistemology in China,the domain of knowledge summarizes the issues of the relationship between heaven and human,mind and matter,foreseeing and learning to know,knowing and not knowing,studying the nature of things and gaining knowledge,which involves the logical,methodological and genetic foundations of the domain of knowledge.Knowledge has historical,cultural and social significance for educational activities that promote human development.The domain of action encapsulates the practical essence of man s perceptual,subjective and purposeful activities;it summarizes the active nature,value orientation,ethical qualities of human behavior and practical characteristics of social activities in the interaction between human and the objective world.For promoting human development,action is the perceptual foundation for the acquisition of true knowledge and concepts,the fundamental way for people to form social relationships with the objective world,and the purposeful activity of actively participating in and changing the objective world.The opposition between the domains of knowledge and action is mainly reflected in the distinction of difficulty,order and importance,while their unity and consistent relation are reflected in that they serve as the basis,purpose and process for each other,as well as their value correlation and value consistency of educational functions.The unity of knowledge and action is their mutual reinforcement and integration in essence.To implement the fundamental task of promoting morality and cultivating people,the reform of educational modes must follow the law of the unity of knowledge and action,bring into play the educational function of knowledge and action,carry out the comprehensive development in education,promote the integration of education and labor and the harmony of body and mind,maintain the practical relationship between students and the objective world and enhance the practical sense of education,optimize learning forms and promote the advancement of perceptual learning and rational learning,achieve the conceptualization and activation of knowledge and cultivate students ability to solve complex problems in real situations.