数字无酬劳动的生产性分析

A Productive Analysis of Digital Unpaid Labor

目前,数字劳动、数字无酬劳动的生产性问题在国内外学界都存在很大的争议。基于马克思主义政治经济学原理,对数字劳动的内涵及其本质进行阐释,并从数字劳动中区分出数字无酬劳动,进而揭示数字无酬劳动的剩余价值何以生产,从而确认数字无酬劳动的生产性。从资本剩余价值攫取和积累的方式入手,就可以对复杂的数字无酬劳动的生产性进行分析。通过数字商品的剩余价值生产回溯发现,“一般数据”是理解数字劳动的密码,“一般数据”的生产过程也是数字无酬劳动的过程。数字无酬劳动都是以单位虚体来进行生产,其价值在单位劳动时间下是等值的。用户在平台上耗费的时间成为无酬劳动时间并生产剩余价值,而用户本身也成为有价格的个体,人格数字化是数字资本逻辑的最终实现。在此过程中,剩余价值可以不必假借抽象劳动的形式而直接归结于劳动时间,因此剩余价值的生产和实现也不需要具体的产品中转而直接从劳动时间的生产到时间的消费。正确认识数字无酬劳动的生产性,可以使我们从分配正义和生产正义等方面引导促进数字经济健康发展,解放生产力,推进共同富裕。

At present,there is a great debate about the productiveness of digital labor and digital unpaid labor in academic circles at home and abroad.Based on the principles of Marxist political economy,this paper explains the connotation and essence of digital labor,and distinguishes digital unpaid labor from digital labor,and then reveals how the surplus value of digital unpaid labor can be produced,so as to confirm the productivity of digital unpaid labor.Starting from the way in which the surplus value of capital is captured and accumulated,the productiveness of complex digital unpaid labor can be analyzed.A back-trace of the surplus value production of digital commodities finds that“general data”is the code to understand digital labor,and the production process of“general data”is also the process of digital unpaid labor.Digital unpaid labor is produced by unit virtual body,and its value is equivalent under unit labor time.The time users spend on the platform becomes unpaid labor time and produces surplus value,and the users themselves become individuals with prices.The digitization of personality is the ultimate realization of digital capital logic.In this process,surplus value can be directly ascribed to labor time without the need to take the form of abstract labor,so that the production and realization of surplus value do not need to be in concrete products and instead go directly from the production of labor time to the consumption of time.A correct understanding of the productiveness of digital unpaid labor can guide and promote the healthy development of digital economy from the aspects of distribution justice and production justice,liberate productive forces,and promote common prosperity.