诈骗罪中“取得财产”的教义学阐释

Doctrinal Interpretation of"Property Obtained"in the Crime of Fraud

我国刑法学多数说认为诈骗罪既遂的标准是行为人(或第三人)取得财产,但对该要素的独立存在价值及其与财产损失的关系缺乏深入研究。在有的案件中,处分财产与取得财产并不同步;行为人取得财产与被害人财产损失的判断标准、判断逻辑不同,取得财产的判断更侧重于事实层面,财产损失的确定则考虑交换价值的折算和抵消,这些都决定了取得财产在诈骗罪构造中有独立存在的必要性。重视取得财产要素,对诈骗罪既遂就应当主张控制说(取得说),取得财产是事实上的既遂标准,为既遂的判断提供了时间点上的参照,具有较强的直观性和明确性;财产损失则是实质上的检验,从诈骗罪保护法益的角度规范地判断是否既遂。承认取得财产也是诈骗罪实行行为的一部分,有利于处理承继的共犯。诈骗罪是不法内容“向后倾斜的犯罪”,其不法重点是后半部分的财产转移,对仅参与财产转移阶段的后行为人也能肯定其正犯性。

Most of the theories of criminal law in our country believe that the standard of the accomplished crime of fraud is the perpetrator(or the third party)to obtain property,but the independent existence value of this element and its relationship with the property loss lack in-depth research.In some cases,the disposition of property is not synchronized with the acquisition of property;The judgment criteria and logic of the perpetrator’s acquisition of property are different from those of the victim’s property loss.The judgment of the perpetrator’s acquisition of property focuses more on the fact level.The true rule of property loss considers the conversion and offset of exchange value,which all determine the necessity of the independent existence of the acquisition of property in the construction of the crime of fraud.Attach importance to the elements of obtaining property,the crime of fraud accomplished should advocate control theory(acquisition theory),the acquisition of property is in fact accomplished standard,for fraud accomplished provides a reference point in time,with strong intuitionistic and clear standards;Property loss is the test of essence,judging whether it is accomplished from the perspective of the protection interests of the crime of fraud.Admitting the acquisition of property is also a part of the practice of the crime of fraud,which is conducive to dealing with the successive complicity.The crime of fraud is a crime with the illegal content of“leaning back”.Its illegal focus is the property transfer in the latter part,and the co-principal offender who only participates in the property transfer stage can also be sure to succeed.