中国山区耕地零租金流转现象及其解释

The phenomenon of farmland transfer with zero rent in China'smountainous areas and its explanation

耕地零租金流转已经成为山区普遍存在的现象。零租金流转制约了耕地流转市场健康发展,造成了耕地资源错配,威胁了国家粮食安全。本文在阐释耕地零租金流转的概念和形成机制的基础上,利用2020—2021年实地调查的572个山区村庄样本推算村庄层面耕地零租金流转规模,并采用Heckman模型剖析耕地零租金流转区域差异的影响因素。研究发现:①全国整体上,有79.55%的山区村庄发生耕地流转,平均耕地流转率为15.14%;发生耕地流转的村庄中58.68%的村庄存在零租金流转现象,零租金流转面积比例为22.21%。②区域分布上,中国山区耕地零租金流转现象区域差异明显,西北黄土高原区最为普遍,尤其是甘肃和山西。③耕地资源禀赋对耕地零租金流转区域差异有显著影响,且在东南山地丘陵区和近郊村的影响更显著;劳动力因素整体上对耕地零租金流转区域差异影响不明显,但农业劳动力在西部地区和坡地相对少的村庄影响显著;耕地流转市场特征对耕地零租金流转区域差异有显著影响,且对东南山地丘陵区和极多坡村以及近远郊村有显著影响。为提升地租水平,充分利用山区耕地资源,中国未来应加强改善农业生产条件,积极增加农产品附加值,以及整合新生产要素来提升耕地产出能力;构建统一规范的农村产权交易平台,有效发挥基层村集体中介服务等作用,提升土地流转市场效率。

Farmland transfer with zero rent is increasingly universal in China's mountainous areas.Farmland transfer with zero rent restricts the development of the farmland transfer market,causes the misallocation of farmland resources,and seriously affects the national food security strategy.Based on the theoretical explanation of the concept and formation mechanism of farmland transfer with zero rent,this study evaluates the extent of farmland transfer with zero rent from 572 village level samples in mountainous areas,and use Heckman model to analyze the regional difference in farmland transfer with zero rent.The results of this study show that:(1)79.55%of the villages have farmland transfer,and the average transfer rate of farmland is 15.14%.58.68%of the villages where transfer occurred have farmland transfer with zero rent,and the rate of zero rent is 22.21%.(2)From the perspective of spatial distribution,there are obvious differences in the phenomenon of zero rent in China's mountainous areas.The farmland transfer with zero rent is the most prominent in the northwest Loess Plateau,especially Gansu and Shanxi.(3)The endowment of farmland resources has a significant effect on the regional differences of farmland transfer,and the effect is more significant in southeastern mountainous and hilly areas and peri-urban villages.Agricultural labor force factor has an insignificant effect on the regional differences of farmland transfer with zero rent overall,but agricultural labor force has a more significant effect in the western region and villages with relatively little sloping farmland.Farmland transfer market characteristics have a significant effect on regional differences in farmland transfer with zero rent,and have a significant effect in southeastern mountainous and hilly areas,villages with the most abundant sloping farmland,and peri-urban villages and distant villages.In order to raise the land rent and make full use of the farmland resources in mountainous areas,China should improve agricultural production conditions,actively increase the added value of agricultural products and integrate modern production factors to enhance the output capacity of farmland,build a unified and standardized rural property rights trading platform and efficiently play the role of village collective intermediary services,etc.,to enhance the efficiency of land transfer market.