认识类动词反叙实用法的形成与发展——以“以为”和“认为”为例

The Development of the Counterfactual Usage of Epistemic Verbs:A Case Study on“Yiwei”and“Renwei”

文章基于大规模语料库考察了“以为”和“认为”反叙实用法的形成与发展,论证了反叙实是“以为”的隐涵义但未完全规约化,在表达个人意见和询问时具有非叙实性;“认为”是非叙实动词,仅在特殊语境下才有反叙实用法。“以为”和“认为”反叙实用法实现的条件首先是出现在叙事语篇中,其次是与一些反叙实提示成分共现,包括否定性评价、反预期标记和明示事实的语句。“以为”反叙实义规约化后在句法上表现为:常与“自”共现,共现时宾语小句以反事实解读为主;经常与第二人称认识主体的“你”共现;经常出现在反问句中。

This paper investigates the formation and development of the counter-factual usage of“yiwei(以为)”and“renwei(认为)”based on the large-scale corpus and demonstrates that the meaning of counter-factuality is an implicature of yiwei which is a noncounterfactual verb when used to express personal opinions and ask for information.The verb renwei is basically non-factual,and the counter-factual usage is only found in particular contexts.The realization condition of the counter-factual usage of yiwei and renwei first occurs in narrative discourse;and subsequently co-occur with some other counter-factual prompts,including negative evaluation,counter-expectation markers,and sentences that overtly express facts.With the conventionalization of the counterfactual usage,yiwei often collocates with“zi(自)”,and the object clause where they occur mainly represents counter-factuality.Besides,the verb yiwei often co-occurs with“ni(你)”and often occurs in rhetorical questions.