论联绵词的基本声式——以“差池”词族的考释为中心

On the Basic Initials Forms of Disyllabic Compounds in Chinese:Centered on the Examination of the"Chachi"

“基本声式”即同族联绵词前后音节中声母除去细微差别而保留的主干部分,可用以描写联绵词声母的搭配形式。基本声式相同、语义上有关联的同族联绵词,为同声式同族联绵词。以“差池”词族为例,通过考察其基本声式与义核,讨论古书中用例,可知它跟“参差”声式、语义有别;“徙弛”“徙迤”“沙池”“迁延”“逡巡(循)”“莎随”等也应属于“差池”词族,结合战国楚简中“■”等字至西汉以后的用字差异,其中的“徙弛”“徙迤”“沙池”等其实是“差/■池”的异写。综合运用“基本声式”理论及出土文献视野下的用字习惯视角,更便于系联同声式同族联绵词并确定其中的亲疏关系。

In this paper,we refer to the theory of“initial base”found in the analysis of harmonic sounds in the ancient sound system,and put forward the notion of“basic initial forms”in Chinese,which is used to describe the collocation of initials in disyllabic compounds.The“basic initials”correspond to the core part which is preserved after we eliminate the nuances in pronunciation between the first and second syllables of a disyllabic compound.Taking the chachi(差池)word family as an example,this paper examines its basic initial and semantic meanings,in order to reflect on the related cases found in ancient texts.In the specific part of the textual research,the basic initials forms and core meanings of the chachi word family serving as reference point,we examine the basic initials and semantic meanings of the compounds xichi(徙弛),xiyi(徙迤),shachi(沙池),qianyan(迁延),qunxun(逡巡/循),qichi(栖迟),shasui(莎随),and determine that they all belong to the chachi word family.Taking into account the word xi/sha attested in the Chu manuscripts of the Warring States Period and also the differences in word usage after the Western Han Dynasty,it is considered that the words xi/sha correspond to xi and sha in the three compounds xichi,xiyi,shachi,which are in fact graphic variants of chachi.This article is an attempt to combine the"basic initials"theory with word usage,in order to show the conjunctions between disyllabic compounds of one same word family and determine their mutual relationship.