传奇人物克洛卜施托克和他的文化构建——以赫尔曼三部曲为例

Klopstocks'Cultural Construction in His Hermannsdramen

克洛卜施托克是近代德国第一个写出引发广泛轰动效应的作品的传奇人物,也是第一个名扬海外的德国作家。他的作品既讴歌自然和情感,也讴歌上帝与祖国。在他的心中,宗教虔诚和爱国热情不分轩轾。他带着强烈民族情感创作的赫尔曼戏剧三部曲不仅把日耳曼时代的抗罗英雄赫尔曼变成了一个栩栩如生的艺术形象,而且通过赫尔曼其人其事描绘了他所理解、所想象的古代日耳曼人的政治和文化现实。三部曲所进行的文化构建,不仅旨在推翻日耳曼野蛮论,而且力图创造一个与希腊神话媲美的北欧神话世界。由此,克洛卜施托克成为“北方文艺复兴”的一个主要推手,他让盛行“南风”的18世纪德国文坛刮起一阵“北风”。作为一个尝试讲好德国故事的作家,克洛卜施托克是一个承上启下、影响深远的历史人物。他一面继承了德国人文主义者的文化抗罗传统,一面为兴盛于19世纪的德意志民族主义者和德意志国粹热开了先河,德意志国粹派意欲构建欧洲文明的第三极,也就是与两希文化即希腊传统和希伯来-基督教传统比肩而立的日耳曼文化。

Klopstock was the first legendary author in modern Germany,who achieved a high reputation both at home and abroad,and whose works created a widespread sensation.His works celebrated both nature and emotions,as well as God and the Fatherland.In his heart,religious piety and patriotic fervor were indistinguishable.His Hermannsdramen,a trilogy of plays written with strong national emotions,not only transformed Hermann,the Germanic hero who fought against the Roman Empire,into a vivid literary figure,but also portrayed the political and cultural reality of the ancient Germanic people as he understood and imagined through Hermann's characterization.The cultural construction undertaken by the trilogy aimed not only to overthrow the theory,that the ancient Germanic culture was barbaric and savage,but also sought to create a Nordic mythological world comparable to that of Greek mythology.In this way,Klopstock became a major contributor to the"Northern Renaissance",and brought a"northern wind"to the German literary circles of the 18th century,where the"southern wind"prevailed.As a German writer who tried to tell German stories well,Klopstock was a historical figure bridging the past and the future with a far-reaching influence.On the one hand,he continued the tradition of German humanists who resisted Roman culture,and on the other hand,he pioneered German nationalism and the German nationalist fever(Deutschtumelei)that flourished in the 19th century.The latter went even further,intending to build a third pole of European civilization,a Germanic culture that would stand shoulder to shoulder with the Greek and Hebrew-Christian traditions.