论公羊家“从道”与“从君”的思想张力——以《公羊传》“赵盾弑君”说为中心

An Analysis of the Tension between Following the Confucian Way and Obeying the King:Centered on the Theory of Zhao Dun’s Regicide in Gongyang Zhuan

晋国大夫赵盾并未杀害灵公,《春秋》却加弑君之罪于其身。在其昆弟赵穿将灵公杀害后,赵盾未尽其忠而讨伐弑君者。《春秋》以“加弑”之辞归罪赵盾,是要正君臣大义,明尊卑之序,谴责赵盾只晓得君臣之“文”而漠视君臣之“质”,是对“尊尊”之义的阐释。然而在《公羊传》的叙事语境中,借着经文“复见”赵盾引申出“君君、臣臣”之义,赵盾成为仁道的代表而受到车右、甲士以及百姓的保护,灵公因乱杀膳宰、嬉戏群臣则成为受贬责的对象,敬贤人、贬恶君而从道的思想跃然纸上。由此,经、传的不同价值取向则突显出“从君”与“从道”间不可调和的矛盾。在汉朝皇权专制不断强化的情况下,“从君”作为行道的必要条件被确定下来。迫于政治形势,公羊学家并未认可赵穿弑君的行为,而是希望借助教育与进谏两种方式来平衡君道关系,实现其“得君行道”的政治愿景。

The officer Zhao Dun from the Jin State did not kill Duke Ling,but he was charged with the crime of killing the monarch in The Spring and Autumn Annals.Zhao Dun,as the most important minister of the Jin State,after his cousin Zhao Chuan killed Duke Ling,did not show his loyalty and attacked those who killed the monarch.The Spring and Autumn Annals blamed Zhao Dun for killing the monarch to uphold the righteousness of the king and to clarify the order between the monarch and minister.In Gongyang Zhuan’s narrative context,however,Zhao Dun became the representative of benevolence and was protected by all parties while the monarch was blamed for arbitrary killing and being unmindful of government affairs.The thought of respecting the virtuous man and disparaging the bad monarch was upheld.It reveals the inner tension between following the Confucian Way and obeying the monarch.Under the situation of the continuous strengthening of imperial autocracy in the Han Dynasty,“obeying the monarch”was established as a necessary condition for practicing the Confucian Way.Forced by the political situation,Gongyang scholars did not approve of Zhao Chuan’s regicide,but sought to balance the relationship between the monarch and Confucian Way by means of education and admonishment and to realize their political aspirations of guiding the king following the Confucian Way.