含多种能量基叠氮增塑剂合成与性能研究进展

Research Advances in the Synthesis and Properties of Azido Plasticizers with Multiple Energetic Groups

与仅含叠氮基(─N3)的增塑剂相比,含多种能量基的叠氮增塑剂往往具有更大的密度、更高的氧平衡、更突出的能量性能等,能赋予推进剂更大的比冲和更好的燃烧性能,成为该领域的研究热点。然而如何在分子层面精准调控结构中微观能量基的种类、数量及其区域分布位置等重要参数,成为设计合成高能量密度、钝感、低玻璃化转变温度、高热稳定性、高氧平衡含能增塑剂的关键。为此综述了自20世纪七十年代末报道的含硝基(─C─NO_(2))、硝酸酯基(─O─NO_(2))、硝胺基(─N─NO_(2))、氟胺基(─NF_(2))以及呋咱基(1,2,5‑噁二唑基)5种叠氮增塑剂在分子设计、合成、性能表征及推进剂应用研究方面的进展,梳理了研究中存在的问题及不足,给出了合成综合性能优良的多种能量基叠氮增塑剂的几点建议,并指出含─C─NO_(2)和─N─NO_(2)叠氮增塑剂是兼顾分子性能和合成难度的潜在研究方向,以期为从事该领域工作的科研人员提供些许借鉴和参考。

In comparison with the plasticizer only with azido,the one bearing multiple energetic groups not only generally has a higher density and oxygen balance,but also possesses more energy content.It endows the propellant with an increasing specific impulse and a better combustion performance,which has become a hot research topic in the field of the energetic material.However,it is an essentially important factor that how to precisely control the quantities and distributions of microscopic energetic groups in the plasticizer's structure.To design and synthesize the plasticizer with high energy density,high thermal stability,high oxygen balance,insensitivity as well as low glass transition temperature,above‑mentioned factor should be payed considerable attentions.This study reviews the previously reported azido plasticizers,containing nitro,nitrate,nitramine,difluoroamino and/or furazan group,from the design,synthesis and characterization of molecules to propellant applications since the late 1970s.Some drawbacks are sorted out in this paper.What's more,several valuable suggestions to synthesize azido plasticizers with outstanding properties are presented here.It is essential worth noting that organic azido compounds with nitro and/or nitramine group are the most promising plasticizers used in propellant in the future,and the properties and synthetic difficulties of these materials are simultaneously taken into consideration.Finally,some guidance for researchers being engaged in the investigation of energetic plasticizers are provided.