论电子数据的形式真实性审查——以数字货币犯罪案件为研究对象

On the Formal Authenticity Examination of Electronic Data:Taking Digital Currency Crime Cases as the Research Object

以区块链为底层技术的数字货币犯罪借助其匿名化、去中心化、流通迅速、可跨境等诸多特性迅速演变成刑事犯罪的重灾区。在数字货币犯罪中,在案之证据具有技术特殊性、数据跨境性、海量性的特征,这给现有电子数据形式真实性审查造成了极大困境。我国司法实践对于形式真实性的审查本就存在审查比例较低、以内容真实替代形式真实审查、着重提取固定环节的审查等问题。数字货币犯罪在案证据的特殊性也进一步造成了链上电子数据难以适用传统电子数据形式真实的审查规则,跨境证据和海量证据的形式真实性难以完整审查等问题。因此,既需要完善证据法内部的规则体系和运行机制,也需要科技、经济、政治领域复合性、系统性的外部规制。通过法律的内部规制与外部举措形成合力,在宏观层面纾解法律与科技之间的矛盾,在微观层面完善证据真实性审查的规则体系和运行机制,实现对新型案件中特殊证据的形式真实性的有效审查。

A digital currency crime with blockchain as the underlying technology has rapidly evolved into a serious disaster area of criminal crimes by virtue of its anonymity,decentralization,rapid circulation,cross-border and other characteristics.At the same time,the particularity,cross-border data and massive nature of blockchain technology have posed great difficulties for the existing review mechanism.There still exist some problems in our judicial practices such as low examination ratios,replacing the formal truth examination with the content truth examination,and focusing on the examination of extracting fixed links.The particularity of the evidence of digital currency crimes further leads to such problems as the difficulty in applying the rules for examining the formal authenticity of traditional electronic data to on-chain electronic data and the difficulty in comprehensively examining the formal authenticity of cross-border evidence and mass evidence.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the internal rule system and operational mechanism of evidence laws,as well as the complex and systematic external regulations in the fields of technology,economy and politics.By combining the internal regulations and external measures of laws,the contradiction between laws and technology can be alleviated at the macro level,and the rule system and operational mechanism for examining the authenticity of evidence can be improved at the micro level,thus achieving an effective examination of the formal authenticity of special evidence in new cases.