蒙东草原区大型露天煤矿减损开采与生态修复关键技术

Key technologies for damage reduction mining and ecological restoration of large-scale open pit coal mines in grassland area of eastern Inner Mongolia

基于蒙东草原区生态功能重要、气候酷寒、半干旱、土壤瘠薄的本底生态特征和国家能源安全作用突出、煤炭储量大、开采条件好的资源开发特征,以生态减损为主线,提出了“开采源头减损与系统修复一体化”的大型煤电基地生态修复理念与模式;针对蒙东草原区生态数据采集与监测难题,创建了酷寒草原区“地下-地表-空-天”全空间多尺度煤炭开采生态影响监测技术体系,可实现对酷寒地区(最低-47℃)多生态要素实时监测和数据传输;基于监测系统数据采集和分析,从宏观、中观、微观尺度研究了大型露天开采对多生态要素的影响特点,揭示了大型露天煤矿开采对水、土、植被等草原生态要素及系统的影响规律;根据露天开采的特点,结合蒙东草原区生态本底特征,研发了蒙东草原区露天煤矿节地增时减损型开采、大型露天矿生态减损型排弃、露天开采生态多要素系统修复等关键技术。通过技术体系的实施,解决了蒙东草原区露天开采水资源保护和利用问题。

Taking ecological loss as the main line,this paper puts forward the ecological restoration con-cept and model of large-scale coal power base of"integration of mining source loss and system restora-tion",based on the background ecological characteristics of important ecological function,cold climate,semi-arid and barren soil in the grassland area of eastern Mongolia,and the resource development charac-teristics of prominent national energy security,large coal reserves and good mining conditions.Aiming at the difficult problem of ecological data collection and monitoring in eastern Mongolia grassland area,a"underground-surface-air-sky"whole space multi-scale ecological impact monitoring technology system of coal mining in extremely cold grassland area is established,which can realize real-time monitoring and da-ta transmission of multi ecological elements in extremely cold area(minimum-47℃).On the basis of data collection and analysis of monitoring system,the influence characteristics of large-scale open pit coal mining on multiple ecological factors at macro,medium and micro scales were studied,and the influence rules of large-scale open pit coal mining on grassland ecological factors and systems such as water,soil and vegetation were revealed.According to the characteristics of open-pit mining and the ecological background characteristics of the grassland area in eastern Mongolia,the key technologies such as land saving,time increasing and loss reducing mining of open-pit coal mine,ecological loss reducing discarding of large open-pit mine and ecological multi-factor system restoration of open-pit mining are researched and developed.Through the implementation of the technical system,the problem of water resources protection and utilization of open-pit mining in the eastern Mongolian grassland has been solved.