智能合约嵌入合同的功能主义阐释

Functional Interpretation of Smart Contracts Embedded in Contracts

智能合约的功能是通过嵌入合同订立、履行及救济等各个环节,基于自身所适合的网上清结的合同类型场景而被阐释的。然而,通过梳理智能合约的目的却发现其存在传统合同法意义上“合同目的”的阙如,尤其是智能合约在嵌入具体合同类型以反证自身功能性时存在两大目的性风险:抵消司法强制执行与国家法治权威介入的“去中心治理目的”和消解国家金融主权与逃避技术监管的“去中心金融目的”,并因此影响了嵌入该智能合约的合同合法性与有效性认定。智能合约“不可篡改”“自动执行”的合同意义在于,只有通过将当事人对智能合约共同选择、设计并嵌入合同关系订立、履行、变更、解除等具体环节时的主观目的置于法律明定的合同法制度架构内,方能获得对“不可篡改”的合理性解释;只有将智能合约自动执行技术特征概括化理解为自我先期意思安排,或即使超出智能合约部署亦实为便宜行事的预期泛化处理,并在秉持人的主体性的合同相对性原理下,方能获得对“自动执行”的科学性阐释。

The functional interpretation of smart contracts should be embedded in all aspects of contract formation,performance,and relief,and based on the contract type scenarios that are suitable for online settlement.However,by searching the purpose of smart contracts,it is found that there is a lack of“contract purpose”in the sense of traditional contract law.In particular,when smart contracts are embedded in specific types of contracts to disprove their own functionality,there are two major purpose risks:the“decentralized governance purpose”of offsetting judicial enforcement and the intervention of national legal authority,and the“decentralized financial purpose”of dissolving national financial sovereignty and evading technical supervision,which affects the legitimacy and validity of the contract embedded in the smart contract.The contractual meaning of“immutable”of smart contracts is that the rational interpretation of“immutable”can only be obtained by placing the subjective purpose of the parties under the contract law institutional framework specified by law.Subjective purpose refers to the subjective purpose of the parties when they jointly select,design,and embed specific links such as the conclusion,performance,modification,and termination of the contract relationship.The contractual meaning of“automatic execution”of smart contracts is that only by generalizing the technical characteristics of automatic execution of smart contracts as self-pre‑arrangementor preprocessing for convenience even beyond the deployment of smart contracts,and adhering to the principle of contract relativity of human subjectivity,can a scientific interpretation of“automatic execution”be obtained.