项穆书学观念谫论——以《书法雅言》为例

Xiang Mu's Views on Calligraphy——A Case Study of Shufa Yayan

《书法雅言》是明代重要的书学理论著作,作者项穆尊书道、重书统,将书法之工用推到了“同流天地,翼卫教经”的高度。项穆认为,书法是人格的表现、心性的传达,作者器质的不同、性情的差异,导致笔势所运中邪正的分立,正书法就是“正人心”,“正人心可以闲圣道”,因此,他强调心性与德行。项穆崇尚王羲之书法,重视书法的新变,他贬低苏轼、米芾等人,认为他们与儒家所楬橥的“中和”思想相背离。“中和”是贯穿于《书法雅言》的主线,项穆不仅专设篇章论述,还在其他篇章中时时阐发,认为“中和”之美是书法审美的最高境界。

Shufa Yayan is an important theoretical work on calligraphy in the Ming Dynasty.The author,Xiang Mu,respects and emphasizes the calligraphy tradition and raises the function of calligraphy to the height of“coinciding with heaven and earth and guarding classics”.He believes that calligraphy is the externalization of personality and the expression of disposition.The differences in the quality and temperament of calligraphers result in the distinction be⁃tween evil and righteousness in strokes.Calligraphy is to“rectify one's mind”,which“can lead to the Holy Way”.Therefore,he emphasizes character and virtue.Xiang Mu highly praises Wang Xizhi's calligraphy and attaches great im⁃portance to the new changes in calligraphy,but he belittles Su Shi,Mi Fu and others,believing that they deviated from balance and moderation advocated by Confucianism.“Balance and moderation”is the main thread that runs through Shufa Yayan.Xiang Mu not only dedicates an entire chapter to discussing this concept but also constantly expounds on it in other chapters,regarding the beauty of“balance and moderation”the highest ideal of calligraphy aesthetics.