论行政处罚“一事不二罚”原则及其“一事”与“二罚”的认定标准

Debates on“No Double Jeopardy”Principle and the Standard of“One Thing”and“Two Punishments”

“一事不二罚”原则是由我国《行政处罚法》所确立的行政处罚适用原则。经1996年制定的《行政处罚法》第24条确立和2021年修订的《行政处罚法》第29条补充,这一原则已变得如此固定、普及而使得几乎所有行政法学者和执法人员耳熟能详。但是,只要稍作深入探究,这一原本清晰的原则顿时就变得模糊起来,特别是在“一事不二罚”原则中对何为“一事”、何为“二罚”的问题尚未形成理论上的成熟答案和制度上的统一标准。本文在探源“一事不二罚”原则的基础上,紧紧围绕“一事”和“二罚”这两个“标的”,从法律规范到实际形态,作了一次全面系统深入地探微。文章在区分自然行为与法律拟制行为,静态行为与动态行为,单一行为与竞合行为,一次性行为、连续性行为和持续性行为的基础上,提出了“一事”和“二罚”的认定标准,同时为该原则如何从“一事不二罚款”上升为“一事不二处罚”进行了理论和制度上的构建。

“No Double Jeopardy”principle in administrative penalty area was established by Administrative Penalty Law of China.It was established by Article 24 of the Administrative Penalties Law enacted in 1996 and supplemented by Article 29 of the Administrative Penalty Law revised in 2021,this principle has become so fixed and universal that it is familiar to almost all administrative law scholars and administrators.However,with deeper exploration,this originally clear principle suddenly becomes ambiguous.Especially,as to“No Double Jeopardy”principle,what is“one thing”,what is“two punishments”?It has not developed a perfect theoretical answer and uniform standard in institutional design.This article traces the foundation of“No Double Jeopardy”principle,focuses on the subject of“one thing”and“two punishments”,carry out a comprehensive,systematic and in-depth exploration of the legal norms and practical forms of this principle.This article distinguishes between natural action and legal mimesis,static action and dynamic action,single action and overlap action,one-time action,continuous action and continuing action.Then it outlines the judgement criteria of“one thing”and“two punishments”,paves the theoretical and institutional construction from"one thing to no more than two fines"to"one thing to no more than two punishments".