公众科学在水文领域的应用现状与未来

Application Status and Future of Citizen Science in Hydrology

水文数据对水资源的可持续管理与利用至关重要,但监测成本和技术的限制,给水文数据的获取和长期监测网络的搭建带来压力。公众科学是公众参与科学研究的方式,也是一种新兴且具有成本效益的数据获取手段,可有效缓解数据短缺、时空分布不均、分辨率低等数据瓶颈,在国际的水文学领域已有了一定的应用研究,但目前国内研究甚少,且未对该研究成果和未来发展前景进行汇总分析。因此,本文开展了公众科学在水文领域的应用现状和未来的综述分析。首先,从定义、公民参与的形式和涉及水文研究阶段、与水文学发展相互作用等方面对公众科学进行了概述。其次,通过文献计量和项目统计的方法分析了水文背景下公众科学的现状。研究表明:公众科学在水文学领域的研究呈上升趋势,尤其是在近5年快速发展,研究内容涉及地表水、地下水、饮用水、生态环境等方面;研究范围覆盖全球,主要集中于欧美国家发达国家,而中国仍处于初步发展阶段;公众科学对水文学的贡献主要是数据的获取和补充,在公民深入参与多阶段水文科学研究方面仍具有较大的潜力。同时,回顾了公众科学在降雨、流量、水位、水质、土壤湿度等领域的应用现状,其中,传感器、物联网、新兴技术的发展有利于公众参与,进而更好地服务水文研究。最后,从水文数据市场、水文分析技术和水文知识探索3个方面探讨了公众科学在水文学应用中的前沿问题与未来展望,以期为未来公众科学在水文领域的发展指明方向。

Hydrologic data are crucial to sustainable management and utilization of water resources,but they are limited by monitoring cost and technology,which brings pressure to the acquisition of hydrological data and the establishment of long-term monitoring network.Citizen science is a way for the citizen to participate in science and it is a promising and cost-effective means of data acquisition,which can effectively alleviate the problem of data’s shortage,uneven distribution,and low spatial and temporal resolution.It has been studied and applied in the international hydrology field.However,there is little related research in China,and no summary analysis of the research results and future development pro-spects have been conducted.Citizen science promotes the interaction and feedback process between hydrology and society.Firstly,this paper sys-tematically introduced citizen science from the aspects of its definition,form and scientific research stage of citizen participation,and the interac-tion with hydrological development.Secondly,the current status of citizen science in the field of hydrology was analyzed through literature re-view and project statistics.The results showed that the research of citizen science in hydrology was on the rising trend,especially in the past five years.The research was widely studied in American and European,while China was still in the initial stage of development.The contribution of citizen science to hydrology was mainly data acquisition and supplement.It also has great potential for citizens to deeply participate in multi-stage hydrological research.At the same time,citizen science has certain applications in rainfall,flow/water level,water quality,soil moisture and so on.The development of sensors,internet of things and emerging technologies can better serve hydrological research.Finally,the frontier prob-lems and future prospects of this research in terms of data market,hydrological analysis technology and hydrological knowledge exploration were discussed,in order to point out the direction for the development of citizen science in this field in the future.