秦汉墓葬出土简牍的考古学考察——以江汉地区为中心

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDY OF SLIPS AND BOARDS IN QIN AND HAN TOMBS:ON DISCOVERIES IN THE JIANGHAN REGION

目次一出土简牍的秦墓二出土简牍的汉墓三简牍的随葬方式及其反映的葬俗四简与牍的应用及编册形式五结语秦汉墓葬出土的文字资料以简牍为大宗。随葬简牍是这一历史时段的葬俗之一。从目前的考古发现看,这种习俗虽上承战国,不过埋藏简牍的方式、简牍编册形式、性质和内容等已发生变化。汉承秦制,但这方面的葬俗也有不同特色。以往学者就此作过大量研究,取得丰硕成果。

In the Jianghan region,around 41 Qin and Han tombs containing slips and boards have been excavated.These tombs date back to the time of General Bai Qi's conquest of Ying and extend to the early period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han.The placement and content of slips and boards in these tombs show both similarities and differences,reflecting the distinctions between the eras.For instance,the Qin typically placed slips and boards inside the coffin,while the early Western Han usually placed them in the outer coffin.Additionally,the Qin did not use qiance-tomb inventories,whereas the Han popularized them and introduced gaodice-informing-the-underworld documents.Gaodice-informing-theunderworld documents were closely linked to qiance-tomb inventories and often formed a combined set of slips and boards.They were typically placed separately from books and other documents and were rarely stored in containers,emphasizing their unique importance at the time.The primary containers for slips and boards were bamboo baskets and pouches.Bamboo baskets were widely used without regard to social status;however,a clear distinction was made between the storage of important and ordinary books.Pouches for books were often used alongside bamboo baskets.Based on materials from other regions,the combined set of slips and boards appeared during the Qin dynasty and remained in use until at least the middle of the Eastern Han.Nevertheless,this format was never the mainstream for bound books.To keep books from coming apart,various objects were used to secure the slips and boards.Unearthed blank slips and boards had different purposes and functions,such as writing materials,covers,or separators.Blank slips and boards used as writing materials were often stored with writing tools in bamboo baskets,reflecting the tradition of burying a complete set of writing tools with the deceased.Covers and separators likely represented the real-life book system as well.Qiance-tomb inventories were common in the Warring States and Western Han tombs,but listing written materials and writing tools first appeared during the early Western Han.The reasons for this change are worth further exploration.