南方方言动后方所标记的类型及成因

Types and Causes of Post-verbal Auxiliaries Acting as Locative Markers in Dialects in Southern China

汉语动词后的体标记或补语标记等虚词具有方所标记的用法,本文称为动后方所标记。动后方所标记在使用的强制性以及对动词的依附性方面存在显著的南北差异。南方方言中,动后方所标记主要来源于体标记和补语标记,语义上与“在”的静态存现义或“到”的动态位移义契合,但动后方所标记的形成并不是语义线性演变的结果,而是与句法操作有着更为直接的关系。南方方言中,由于动后限制以及话题化对于受事成分的提取,使得动后虚词与前置介词处于相邻位置,共同充当动词与方所结构的联系项。在语义冗余的前提下,删除前置介词而保留动后虚词是动后方所标记产生的最直接动因。删略的可选性与必选性,也造成了动后方所标记在南方方言中的共时差异。

Chinese locative structures are generally marked by prepositions.However,in some dialects,post-verbal auxiliaries have also developed the function of locative markers,and there are significant differences between dialects in northern and southern China.In dialects in southern China,the two main types of post-verbal auxiliaries acting as locative markers are aspect markers and resultative markers.Semantically,the auxiliary expresses stative meaning of existence and presence,or dynamic meaning of motion,matching the ontological meaning of zai在or dao到;syntactically,the auxiliary acts as the only link between the verb and the locative structure.The use of the post-verbal auxiliary as a locative marker suggests that in addition to the unidirectional evolution of semantic grammaticalization,syntactic combination and deletion are also important motives for new grammatical functions.