从乌托邦的“反”转到“后”转——基于迈克尔·夏邦笔下的“后乌托邦”想象

Michael Chabon’s Imagination of the“Post-Utopia”

新世纪犹太作家迈克尔·夏邦笔下的乌托邦不限于传统意义上的“好地方”或“乌有之地”,而是由充斥“流奶与蜜”的应许之地转向乌托邦诸多分支交错的“后乌托邦”想象,包括:生物基因工程和种族暴力亵渎宗教净土的反乌托邦;政治黑幕与地下黑工厂联合侵蚀人性的恶托邦;患有精神病、战争后遗症的弱者聚集的具有危机性、偏离性及自由性的异托邦等。在这些犹太社区内部不同教派之间及其与白人、印第安土著人、阿拉伯人之间的权力抗衡中,身份的殖民化与被殖民化、跨地区与跨种族的冲突皆浮出水面。这些问题既是犹太民族历史症结在当代的表征,也是“后乌托邦”视角下的经验重现。

The utopia created by Michael Chabon,a Jewish writer of the new century,is not limited to the traditional“good place”or“no place,”but turns from the Promised Land“fowing with milk and honey”to the“post-utopia.”This includes the anti-utopia,where biological genetic engineering and racial violence desecrate religion;the dystopia,where political shadows and an underground factory jointly corrode human nature;and the heterotopia of crisis,involving deviation and freedom for the weak who suffer from psychosis and the aftermath of war.In the power struggle between different sects within Jewish communities,and among Jews,whites,native Indians and Arabs,issues such as the colonization and decolonization of identities,and the presence of trans-regional,trans-racial conficts,all emerge.These problems are contemporary symptoms of historical Jewish trauma,and such Jewish experiences can be represented from the perspective of“post-utopia.”