南朝“东境”的自然灾害与麦作

Natural Disasters and Wheat’s Expansion in the East Area of the Southern Dynasties

南朝时期“东境”与“东土”和“东诸郡”所指范围相同,包括吴、吴兴、义兴和南徐州部分地区及以会稽为首的浙东诸郡。“东境”频繁的自然灾害冲击了传统的水稻种植业,造成大量流民,也破坏了都城的经济基础。南朝政府施行开仓赈济、跨区调粮、开漕泄水和推广麦作等政策以应对“东境”灾荒,渐意识到在“东境”等地督种麦是调和折中后具有长期和多方面效益的、可实行的方案。这不仅能接续受破坏的粮食生产工作,在一定程度上起到救荒的作用,更可保障由“东境”、建康和缘淮地区共同构成的东部粮食供给系统的运转。另外,考察南朝政府灾荒观念之演变也有助于进一步理解在“东境”推广麦作的原因和深层意义。

The East Area of the Southern Dynasties included Wu Jun,Wuxing Jun,Yixing Jun of Yangzhou,Jinling Jun of Southern Xuzhou,and prefectures at the east of Qiantang River.Natural disasters happened frequently in the East Area,which ruined local rice productions,created innumerable refugees,thus destroyed the economic foundation of capital.In order to relieve disasters and famines of the East Area,the governments opened granaries,transported grain from other areas,implemented some water conservancy projects and urged people to plant wheat in the East Area,and finally they realized the superiority of wheat cultivation in relieving disasters and protecting the food supply system of the east region that was composed of the East Area,Jiankang City and the area along the Huai River.Furthermore,analyzing the change of attitude towards disasters and famines of the governments is helpful in understanding the reason of cultivating wheat in the East Area.