明清时期中朝马匹贸易探析

A Study on the Horse Trade between China and Korea in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

马匹是明清时期中朝贸易的重要商品,该时期的马匹贸易在整个中朝贸易史和中外经贸交流史上都具有特殊意义。中朝马匹贸易在明代前期主要是官方贸易,朝鲜通过贡马与和买马的形式向明朝输入大量马匹。明中期至清后期主要是非官方马匹贸易,中朝两国通过使行、边市、民间越境这三种贸易形式进行马匹贸易,其中以中国东北的“胡马”向朝鲜输入居多。总的来说,明清时期中朝马匹贸易具有友好互惠的特点,双向贸易出现了以绢马、牛马贸易为代表的易物贸易,后期贸易则具有自由倾向性较强的特点。马匹贸易为中朝间宗藩关系的确立搭建了桥梁,促进了清朝的崛起和东北边疆地区的经济开发,同时也对朝鲜的经济社会发展有着较大的促进作用。

Horses are important commodity of trade between China and Korea in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.The horse trade in this period has special significance in the whole history of trade between China and Korea and Sino foreign economic and trade exchanges.The horse trade between China and Korea was mainly official trade in the early Ming Dynasty.Korea imported a large number of horses to the Ming Dynasty in the form of tribute and purchase of horses.From the mid Ming Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty,it was mainly unofficial horse trade.China and Korea carried out horse trade through three trade forms:travel,border markets and folk cross-border trade,most of which were imported from"Hu Ma"in Northeast China to Korea.During the Ming and Qing Dynasties,the trade between China and Korea had the characteristics of friendship and mutual benefit,two-way trade,barter trade represented by silk horse,cattle and horse trade,and strong tendency of trade freedom in the later stage.Horse trade built a bridge for the establishment of suzerain vassal relationship between China and Korea,promoted the rise of Manchu and Qing Dynasties and the economic development of northeast frontier areas,and also greatly promoted the economic and social development of Korea.