宋明时期“成汤祈雨”故事的多元书写

Pluralistic Writing about the Story of'Rain-praying of ChengTang'During from Song to Ming Dynasty

借历史故事阐发思想主张是古代士人的话语传统,宋明时期“成汤祈雨”的多元书写是为典范之一。在天人相与的知识框架下,“成汤祈雨”成为士人构建理学体系与“借天道言治道”的重要元素。宋至明初,在“事应说”遭遇挑战、理学兴盛的背景下,水旱天定与和气召祥观念融汇于士人对故事的叙述中。明中期理学走向内在化、心性化,对人本身的关注更切,士人对成汤以身为牺之举及故事真实性的争议陡增。中晚明政治生态复杂,士人常援引“成汤祈雨”讥刺时政,表达对治世明君的期待。“成汤祈雨”在宋明间为理学士人提供了阐发己见的对话空间,其间既有对“事应”和“人祷”的反动,也有灾异限君和倡导“敬”与“诚”的一贯传统。与时代思潮相呼应也为故事本身提供了文化生长的可能。

Drawing lessons from the historical stories is an important issue of ancient Chinese discourse system.The pluralistic writing about the story of'Rain-praying of ChengTang'is one of the paragons.Under the theory of Heaven-Man's induction,the story of'Rain-praying of ChengTang'becoming a part of scholar's discourse system about Confucian governance.During from Song to Ming Dynasty,the traditional theory about corresponded catastrophe and personnel affairs to interpret the meaning of disasters has been opposed,and the Neo-Confucianism has appeared.In the pluralistic writing,the disasters were caused by the Heaven and the auspicious signs were by the'Qi'.During the Middle-Ming Dynasty,the Neo-Confucianism became introversion,scholars paid more attention to human being.And the scholars have had more argument about'regard himself as sacrifice'and the authenticity of the story.The political environment was more and more complex during that day,the scholars used to drawing lessons from the story to criticize the politics,express the expectation of peaceful times and the better emperor.The story of'Rain-praying of ChengTang'set a space for scholars to expound their own opinions.There are changes in the pluralistic narration,and there are also traditions about'Jing'and'Cheng'.Speaking to the ideological trend of the period also provide possibilities to the development of the story.