中国四大宗教空间格局与扩散模式研究——兼论宗教在不同类型城市中的发展

Spatial distribution and diffusion patterns of four major religions in China:A discussion of religious development in different types of cities

宗教地理学主要研究宗教的空间分布特征,但较少以时间视角对宗教空间扩散及格局演化的动态过程进行探究,目前开展的对中国宗教宏观尺度扩散模式的研究还有所不足,对宗教发展与城市规模和老龄化水平关系的研究有所欠缺。为此,基于中国道教、佛教、基督教、伊斯兰教建筑POI数据,采用密度场热点探测模型、重心迁移模型与探索性空间分析等方法,从时间与空间维度探究中国四大宗教的空间格局与扩散模式,借助方差分析揭示宗教在不同类型城市中的发展差异。研究发现:①佛教在中国的分布范围、分布密度与热点数量均较高,其次为基督教,道教与伊斯兰教稍低。②宗教的空间扩散格局分异明显,佛教主要扩散至东南与西南地区;道教扩散局限于中国东南地区;基督教主要在中国通商口岸及农村地区发生扩散;伊斯兰教基于“血缘-民族”纽带扩散至西部少数民族聚居区。③宗教分布具有显著的空间自相关特征,佛教和基督教的集聚程度高于道教和伊斯兰教。道教、佛教与基督教热点区多分布于东部地区,伊斯兰教热点区分布于西部地区;仅佛教与基督教在中国南部存在冷点区分布。④宗教扩散呈现邻域扩散、等级扩散与跳跃式扩散多种扩散模式相混合的特征,本土宗教与外来宗教的扩散模式由于地理可进入性存在差异,四大宗教在乡村地区的扩散速度及地理可进入性普遍高于城市。⑤宗教在大城市具有最多的建筑数量与最大的组内差异,伊斯兰教发展随老龄化水平的提升而显著减弱,基督教随老龄化水平的提升最具发展活力。

Religious geography primarily studies the spatial distribution characteristics of religions.However,there is a lack of research on the dynamic processes of religious spatial diffusion and pattern evolution from a temporal perspective.Current studies on the macro-scale diffusion patterns of religions in China are insufficient,and the relationship between religious development,urban scale,and aging levels is understudied.To address this gap,this study uses Point of Interest(POI)data on Taoist,Buddhist,Christian,and Islamic architecture in China.It employs methods such as density field hotspot detection models,gravity migration models,and exploratory spatial analysis to explore the spatial patterns and diffusion modes of the four major religions in China from a spatio-temporal perspective.Additionally,variance analysis is used to reveal the development disparities of religions in different types of cities.The findings of the research are as follows:(1)Buddhism has a wider distribution range,higher density,and more hotspots in China,followed by Christianity,with Taoism and Islam slightly lower.(2)There are significant differences in the spatial diffusion patterns of religions.Buddhism mainly spreads to southeast and southwest China,while Taoism is limited to southeast China.Christianity primarily spreads in China's trading ports and rural areas,while Islam spreads to ethnic minority settlements in western China based on"blood-ethnicity"connections.(3)Religious distribution exhibits significant spatial autocorrelation characteristics,with Buddhism and Christianity showing a higher degree of clustering compared to Taoism and Islam.Hotspots of Taoism,Buddhism,and Christianity are mostly concentrated in eastern China,while Islamic hotspots are distributed in western China.Only Buddhism and Christianity have cold-spot areas in southern China.(4)Religious diffusion exhibits characteristics of neighborhood diffusion,hierarchical diffusion,and leap diffusion,with a mixture of multiple diffusion modes.The diffusion patterns of indigenous and foreign religions differ due to differences in geographical accessibility,with the diffusion speed and geographical accessibility of the four major religions generally higher in rural areas than in urban areas.(5)Religions have the largest number of buildings and the most significant within-group differences in large cities.The development of Islam significantly weakens with the increase in aging levels,while Christianity shows the most vibrant development with an increase in aging levels.