从美日外交到美国民权:美日帝国竞争语境下的“日本人问题”

From American-Japanese Diplomacy to American Civil Rights:The“Japanese Problem”in the Context of American and Japanese Imperial Rivalry

20世纪,美日之间的日本人问题从外交讨论领域逐渐退出,成为美国民权运动的一个议题。美日在太平洋上扩张初期重视友邦关系,互相承认和尊重对方的移民控制主权。随着帝国竞争激化,二战爆发,美国从国内政治的角度去解决日本相关的移民和权利问题。美国的战时日裔政策和与日本的官民交换,导致了美国日裔被遣送日本和放弃美国国籍。但在美国民权律师的帮助下,他们最终留在了美国。与此同时,美国民权组织以争取日本人的暂缓驱逐权利为契机,逐步推动了消除移民法中对亚太移民的种族和国籍歧视。但这并不意味着美国放宽移民限制,反而预示着美国在冷战期间采纳自由主义移民法的同时,可能采取更暴力的机制划定美国公民资格的边界。

In the first half of the 20th century,the"Japanese Problem"faded out from the diplomatic discussions between the U.S.and Japan,and became a political struggle in the U.S.civil right movement.In the early phase of the imperial expansion in the Pacific area,the U.S.and Japan highly appreciatedtheirffriendshipr,ercognized and respected each other's sovereignty overimmigration management.As the imperial rivalry intensified and WWII broke out,the U.S.government treated Japanese immigration as a domestic,rather than an international issue.During the war,U.S.attempted to deport the Japanese Americans who applied for repatriation in the War Relocation Center for Japanese,and those who were defined as illegal residents in America.The U.S.civil right activists and organizations not only in court and congress helped them stay in the U.S.,but also made it an opportunity to eliminate the race and nationality discrimination in the U.S.law.However,that did not mean the loosening of the immigration restriction,more violent institutions were developedto differentiate American citizens from foreigners,though the U.S.passed the seemingly liberal immigration law.