典型生物样本中微/纳米塑料含量及检测方法研究进展

Research progress on content and detection methods of microplastics/nanoplastics in biological samples

塑料制品被广泛应用于各个领域,排放至环境中的塑料可被降解成微塑料甚至纳米塑料,显著增加生物体暴露风险,目前在海洋、淡水生物、猛禽乃至人体内均检出微/纳米塑料。生物样本中塑料颗粒检测较环境样本更为复杂,因其主要由蛋白、脂质等各种有机物组成,使得前处理过程尤为关键。微/纳米塑料的有效检测及准确定量对其进入生物体后的健康风险评估至关重要。本文综述了人体及典型水生生物、猛禽不同组织器官中微/纳米塑料的暴露水平和种类差异,分析生物体不同组织样本中微/纳米塑料提取的样本消化方式及微/纳米塑料鉴定方法,比较了酸、碱、酶、过氧化氢消化法及光谱、色谱鉴定方法的优缺点及适用性,为塑料暴露风险评估及污染管控提供方法学依据。

Plastic products are widely used in various fields,and the discarded plastics in the environment can be degraded into microplastics(MPs)or even nanoplastics(NPs),which significantly increases the risk of organism exposure.MPs/NPs have been found in aquatic organisms,birds of prey,and even humans.The detection of plastic particles in biological samples is more complicated than that in environmental samples.Biological samples are mainly composed of various organic substances such as proteins and lipids,which makes the pretreatment process particularly critical.Effective detection and accurate quantification of MPs/NPs are crucial to health risk assessment.In this paper,the exposure levels and composition of MPs/NPs in different tissues and organs of the human body,aquatic organisms,and birds of prey were reviewed.The digestion of biological samples(acids,bases,enzymes,and hydrogen peroxide digestion protocols)and MPs/NPs identification methods(spectroscopy and chromatography)were compared and their advantages and disadvantages were assessed,providing a methodological basis for plastic exposure risk assessment and pollution control.